红壤晚稻田各类群微生物及产脲酶菌动态变化

在晚稻四个不同生长期（幼苗期、分蘖期、拔节长穗期和结实成熟期）,测定三种不同类型红壤稻田（肥田、瘠田和新垦田）的耕作层中三大类群微生物及产脲酶菌数量消长情况。结果表明：各类群微生物（细菌、放线菌和真菌）在晚稻不同生长期数量有变化,且消长情况各不相同;不同类型稻田各类群微生物数量略有差别,统计结果显示,不达显水平;各类产脲酶菌在不同类型晚稻田的百分含量变化不很明显;它们在各类群微生物中的百分含量分     

中国西南地区几种土壤的元素地球化学特征

研究西南地区变性土、铁铝土及水稻土７个剖面的地球化学和矿物学特征的结果表明：铁铝土在元素地球化学分类上可划为铝质富铝化类型，变性土也表现了一定的富铝化趋势，而水稻土最明显的特征是Ｆｅ、Ｍｎ及Ｃａ均相对富集。变性土粘土矿物以蒙脱石为主，铁铝土则以高岭石占优势，水稻土矿物组成取决于母质来源。根据主组元分析结果，可以探讨成土过程中不同剖面的元素分异和相关性，以及元素地球化学的演变趋势。     

指数平滑法在公路软土地基沉降预测中的应用

运用指数平滑法分析计算公路软土地基沉降量,并对下一时间段的沉降量进行预测.结合哈尔滨绕城高速公路西段软基沉降观测数据,证明了指数平滑法预测软基沉降量的实用性.     

冻融对粉质黏土强度指标的影响

依托同三高速公路扩建工程方正—哈尔滨段加宽一侧粉质黏土路基,采用室内三轴试验方法,研究了不同压实度、不同含水率下不同冻融次数后土体强度指标的变化规律。试验结果表明粉质黏土冻融后强度指标发生规律性变化:土的黏聚力损失随着冻融次数增多而增大,同一压实度下含水率高的土体黏聚力损失幅度较大;土的内摩擦角随着冻融次数的增多有逐渐增长的趋势,但增长幅度较小。运用Matlab对试验数据进行回归分析,建立了同一压实度下粉质黏土黏聚力、内摩擦角与含水率和冻融次数的回归方程。该方程能够直观模拟冻融对粉质黏土强度指标的影响规律,计算结果与实测结果吻合良好,可用于冻融后粉质黏土黏聚力和内摩擦角的计算。     

松嫩平原北部寒变性土的研究

2008年在黑龙江省松嫩平原北部的北安市(47.53°N,126.16°E)和依安县(47.45°N,125.13°E)所在的乌裕尔河阶地上的寒均腐土地区,进一步观察了7个土壤剖面,发现其中有3个剖面具有变性特征。其母质有第四系中更新世(Qp2)黄土性冲-湖积物,和白垩系的泥页岩风化物(K2)。诊断特征:全剖面黏粒(<2μm)含量330～480 g.kg-1;心土层棱柱状结构破碎成棱块状;可见楔形结构,或滑擦面;旱季土壤开裂,冻融期和雨季闭合。线膨胀系数可高达0.19 cm.cm-1,土壤代换量在34～37 cmol.kg-1之间。黏土矿物以伊蒙混层、蒙皂石为主,控制层段的蒙皂石总量约占66%～70%。按美国土壤系统分类检索,符合变性土纲的鉴定标准,将其划归寒变性土亚纲(Cryerts),其中土类有简育寒变性土(Haplocryerts),亚类有典型简育寒变性土(Typic Haplocryerts)和艳色简育寒变性土(Chromic Haplocryerts)。研究认为,本地的寒变性土主要是由于原母质和某些寒均腐土的心土层累积了大量膨胀性的伊蒙混层和蒙皂石黏土矿物,在干湿交替的气候和加速土壤侵蚀等综合因素影...     

陕西土壤的矿物组成与阳离子交换量关系的研究

差热分析和X衍射分析结果表明,陕西五种土壤粘粒矿物组成都是以伊利石为主,并含有一定量的高岭石、绿泥石和蒙脱石。黄褐土、黄绵土、黑垆土粘粒矿物在剖面分异不明显。塿土、黄棕壤表层与亚层粘粒矿物组成有一定差异。粘粒及其它各粒级矿物质的矿物组成都与其阳离子交换量结果很一致。     

A comparison between X‐ray fluorescence and dissolution methods employing lithium metaborate fusion for elemental analysis of soil clays

Abstract

A method employing fusion of soil clay samples with lithium metaborate (1:5 ratio) in a furnace at 1050°C for 1 hr. subsequent dissolution of the fused sample in 4% HNO₃. and elemental analysis for Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, K, and Ti by atomic absorption spectrometry was compared with the X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) fused disc technique for analysis. Duplicated analyses were performed on 15 clay samples from soils of the southern U.S and three API reference samples. The mean total percent recovery by this method was excellent (100.14 ± 2.85). Elemental oxide quantities in terms of SiO₂. Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃, MgO, CaO and K₂O determined by atomic absorption/flame emission (AA/FE) spectroscopy were in good agreement with values measured by x‐ray fluorescence (XRF) on the same subsamples (r = 0.89^* to 0.98^**). but somewhat more variable on subsamples seperated from different pretreatments (r = 0.70^* to 0.97^** ). The method, which has also been tested on 36 additional clay samples from a variety of Kentucky soils with total percent recoveries ranging from 96.5 ‐ 103.5%. demonstrated no bias due to mineralogy with respect to mixed, montmorillonitic. and siliceous classes. This technique presents numerous advantages over other elemental analysis techniques utilizing fusion, dissolution, or XRF spectroscopy with respect to time, effort and cost. With the introduction of inductively‐coupled plasma (ICP) emission spectroscopy. efficiency can be additionally improved.     

Evaluation of uncalibrated preferential flow models against data for isoproturon movement to drains through a heavy clay soil

The uncalibrated predictive ability of four preferential flow models (CRACK‐NP, MACRO/MACRO_DB, PLM, SWAT) has been evaluated against point rates of drainflow and associated concentrations of isoproturon from a highly structured and heterogeneous clay soil in the south of England. Data were available for four plots for a number of storm events in each of three successive growing seasons. The mechanistic models CRACK‐NP and MACRO generally gave reasonable estimates of drainflow over the three seasons, but under‐estimated concentrations of isoproturon over a prolonged period in the first season and over‐estimated them in the two remaining seasons. CRACK‐NP simulated maximum concentrations of isoproturon over the first two events of each of the three seasons of 156, 527 and 24.4 µg litre^?1, respectively, and matched the observed data (465, 65.1 and 0.65 µg litre^?1) slightly better than MACRO (69.1, 566 and 58.5 µg litre^?1). Automatic selection of parameters from soils information within MACRO_DB reduced the emphasis on preferential flow relative to the stand‐alone version of MACRO. This gave a poor simulation of isoproturon breakthrough and simulated maximum concentrations were 0, 50.1 and 35.1 µg litre^?1, respectively. The capacity model PLM gave the best overall simulation of total drainflow for the first two events in each season, but over‐estimated concentrations of isoproturon (967, 808 and 51.3 µg litre^?1). The simple model SWAT represented total drainflow reasonably well and gave the best simulation of maximum isoproturon concentrations (140, 80.2 and 8.2 µg litre^?1). There was no clear advantage here in using the mechanistic models rather than the simpler models. None of the models tested was able to simulate consistently the data set, and uncalibrated modelling cannot be recommended for such artificially drained heavy clay soils. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

粘土固化注浆技术在垃圾填埋场防渗中的应用

通过室内与现场试验研究，表明粘土固化浆液在垃圾填埋场防渗工程中应用是可行的。工程实际使用证实，其堵水效果完全可以满足填埋场防渗 的要求，具有广泛的应用价值。