Potassium behavior and clay mineral composition in the soil with low effectiveness of potassium application

ABSTRACT

Increasing exchangeable potassium (ExK) content in soil to an appropriate level is important to mitigate the transfer of radioactive cesium to crops. We focused on a buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) field with a low ExK content, despite the application of K, in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan (Field A), following the Tokyo Electric Power Company Fukushima Dai-ichi (No. 1) Nuclear Power Plant accident in March 2011. We examined the relationship between K concentration and clay mineral composition in the soil of Field A and compared the findings with another field in Fukushima Prefecture (Field B) to clarify whether K applied to the soil was leached or remaining fixed. Pot experiments showed that K concentration in water seepage from pots following irrigation was significantly lower in pots from Field A than in those from Field B. Soil ExK content after soybean cultivation was lower in soils of Field A than those of Field B. These results indicate that K applied to Field A was fixed in the soil. Analysis of clay mineral composition confirmed the distinctive vermiculitic nature of Field A soils. This clay mineralogy would be associated with the higher K fixation ability of Field A than Field B soils. This study demonstrated that K fixation in vermiculite was a factor preventing the increase in ExK content from K application to Field A.     

砂土中粘土夹层对入渗过程影响的试验分析

对水在高渗透性砂内入渗过程中,其内部的低渗透性粘土夹层对入渗过程的影响进行了室内垂直一维入渗试验。通过分析定性得出粘土夹层对入渗过程的影响体现为减渗作用,表现为粘土夹层将均质粗砂中的非线性入渗过程变为夹层内的线性入渗过程,使夹层范围的入渗为一个具有较小入渗率和较小湿润锋推进速度的稳渗阶段。     

含水率和颗粒级配对稍密碎石土抗剪性能及地基承载力的影响

碎石土因特殊的工程特性而被科研人员关注,但对大粒径、粉质粘土填充、稍密状态下碎石土的力学性能涉足较少。根据该类型碎石土特点及大量勘察结果配置出两种比较典型级配的稍密碎石土,通过大型直剪试验仪测定了不同含水率状态下碎石土试样的抗剪强度,绘制剪应力与水平位移的关系图,通过一元回归得出稍密碎石的抗剪强度指标c、φ值,分析了不同含水率、不同级配对稍密碎石土抗剪性能的影响。结果表明：随着含水率的增大,碎石土粘聚力总体呈减小趋势,但变化趋势具有显著的阶段性且和粉质粘土的含量有关,含水率变化对碎石土内摩擦角的影响较小。用规范推荐方法计算了该类型碎石土地基承载力,并与地方规范经验取值和勘察工程实践取值进行了对比,结果表明：含水率对地基承载力影响较大,且与碎石土填充物的粉质粘土含量有关,粉质粘土含量越高,承载力影响越大。     

应用反射光谱法对土壤粘土矿物的鉴定的初步研究

The characteristics of the reflectance spectra of clay minerals and their influences on the reflectance spectra of soils are dealt with in the paper.The results showed that dominant clay minerals in soils could be distinguished in light of the spectral -form parameters of the reflectance spectra of soils,thus making it possible to develop a quick method to determine clay minerals by means of reflectance spectra of soils in the lab.and providing a theoretic basis for remote sensing of clay minerals in soils with a high resolution imaging spectrometer.     

土壤持水力与盐含量的相关性

The soil moisture retention capability of Chao soil and coastal saline Chao soil in Shandong and Zhejiang provinces were measured by pressure membrane method. The main factors influencing soil moisture retention capability were studied by the methods of correlation and path analyses. The results indicated that < 0.02mm physical clay and soil salt content were the main factors influencing soil moisture retention capability. At soil suction of 30~50 kPa, the soil salt content would be the dominant factor.     

中国福建省土壤的主要粘土矿物

The clay minerals of more than 200 soil samples collected from various sites of Fujian Province were studied by the X-ray diffraction method and transmission electron microscopy to study their distribution and evolution.Montmorillonite was found in coastal solonchak,paddy soils derived from marine deposit,lacustrine deposit and river deposit,and some lateritic red soil,red soil and yellow soil with a low weathering degree.Chlorite existed mainly in coastal solonchak and paddy soil developed from marine deposit.1.4nm intergradient mineral appeared frequently in yellow soil,red soil and lateritic red soil.The content of 1.4nm intergradient mineral increased with the decrease of weathering degree from lateritic red soil to red soil to yellow soil.Hydrous micas were more in coastal solonchak,paddy soils derived from marine deposit,lacustrine deposit and river deposit.and puple soil from purple shale than in other soils.Kaolinte was the most important clay mineral in the soils iun this province.The higher the soil weathering degree,the more the kaolinite existed.From yellow soil to red soil to lateritic red soil,kaolinite increased gradually,Kaolinite was the predominant clay mineral accompanied by few other minerals in typical lateritic red soil. Tubular halloysite was a widespread clay mineral in soils of Fujian Province with varying quantities.The soil derived from the paent rocks rich in feldspar contained more tubular halloysite.Spheroidal halloysite was found in a red soil and a paddy soil developed from olivine basalt gibbsite in the soils in this district was largely“primary gibbsite” which formed in the early weathering stage.Gibbsite decreased with the increase of weathering degree from yellow soil to red soil to lateritic red soil.Goethite also decreased in the same sequence while hematite increased.     

Aggregation studied by laser diffraction in relation to plowing and liming in the Cerrado region in Brazil

In the Cerrado savanna region in Brazil, the effects of different land use on Oxisol aggregation were studied using laser diffraction grain size analyses. The topsoil of plowed systems had significantly lower amount of macroaggregates (2000–194 μm) and a significantly higher amount of soil in the microaggregate size and primary particle fraction (<76 μm) compared to pastures and the native Cerrado. In plowed systems low in soil organic carbon (SOC), lime had a negative effect on aggregate stability. Lime addition had no effect on topsoil aggregation in land use systems that were not plowed regularly and generally had a higher SOC content. For all the studied topsoils, pH_KCl was positively correlated with the amount of clay dispersed after 3 h of shaking in water. SOC did not influence clay dispersion in the range of soils studied. In continuous cropping systems in the Cerrado region, with a combination of mechanical stress and low SOC, liming will cause an increase in small aggregates and primary particles and hence contribute to a destabilization of the soil structure.     

江西九江地区第四纪红粘土上的“黄帽子”

A thin layer of yellow-brown-colored earth was generally found on Quaternary red clay in Jiujiang, Jiangxi Province. A typical profile was established. Both particle size distribution and REE (rare earth elements) characteristics of the yellow-brown-colored earth of the profile fully suggested its aeolian origin and close similarity to Nanjing Xiashu loess. The study also implied aeolian origin of the underlying Quaternary red clay. Compared with the red clay, the yellow-brown-colored earth was less weathered because of its lower content of free iron and higher mole ratios of SiO₂/Al₂O₃ and SiO₂/(Fe₂O₃+Al₂O₃) as well as its less developed chemical microtextures of quartz grains. In order to study the ages of the two deposits comparatively, the thermoluminescent dating method was used. As a result, the bottom of the yellow-brown-colored earth was dated to 60±5 ka B. P. and the upper part of the red clay 388±54 ka B. P. It was suggested that the yellow-brown-colored earth was formed in the Late Pleistocene and was probably the aeolian deposit of the Last Glacial, which corresponded with the Malan loess in the Loess Plateau of the northwestern part of China; while the underlying red clay was formed in the Middle Pleistocene. A "yellow cap" on Quaternary red clay in Jiujiang implied a great climatic and environmental variation in the beginning of the Late Pleistocene in the southern part of China, especially in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The event not only halted the rubification, once dominating the region, but also produced a widespread covering of aeolian deposit, as only occurred in the cold and dry environment.     

乔木种植位置对岸坡深层锚固作用的影响——以永定河泛区为例

以永定河泛区中天堂河下游段两岸作为研究区域,探究该区域不同类型乔木种植位置对岸坡整体锚固作用的影响,确定坡地区域与坡顶区域最佳的乔木种植方案,以解决洪泛区湿陷性粉质粘土岸坡坡脚处易失稳的安全隐患。采用拓扑根系描绘法、最大摩擦锚固力计算法、经验公式模型法以及ABAQUS有限元模拟法,分别对根系的形态、根系的固土性能、根系力学特性以及锚固岸坡整体稳定性进行分析。研究结果表明（：1）由于紫荆根系具有较为发达的须根,因而具有较强的锚固性能,相较于紫荆,榆叶梅锚固性能相对较差,在同一深度的埋置条件下,二者的锚固性能相差幅度为5%～25%(;2)当坡地区域的紫荆位于坡脚处,且坡顶区域的榆叶梅位于距离坡肩1.8 m处的种植位置时,岸坡的安全系数达到2.153,岸坡的抗滑锚固效果可达到最佳。坡顶区域与坡地区域的乔木种植位置可对粉质粘土坡体稳定产生双重耦合的影响,当坡地区域植株的种植位置处于坡脚处时,坡顶处任何区域的乔木根际土体均可与之形成有效的土拱效应,以遏制岸坡失稳。     

昆明红粘土的基本特征及工程效应影响机理的探讨*

 通过对昆明市区红粘土进行了野外勘察，确定了昆明市区红粘土的分布特征及形成条件。利用X-荧光光谱仪、激光粒度分析仪和扫描电子显微镜（SEM），对昆明市区50多个红粘土土样进行了分析，从土样的化学成分、粒度分布和表面形貌上研究了它们的基本物理特征。同时研究了昆明市区红粘土的力学特性，并与黔桂地区红粘土的力学性质进行了比较。