Nitrogen application method for improving yield and protein content of “Kitanokaori”, a new variety of winter wheat for bread use in Hokkaido

(Jpn. J. Soil Sci.Plant Nutr., 77, 273–281, 2006)

“Kitanokaori” is a new variety of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for bread use bred at the National Agricultural Research Center for Hokkaido Region. The grain protein content of wheat for bread use should be higher than 120 g kg?1. Much nitrogen application is necessary to obtain high grain protein content. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the optimum amount of nitrogen to obtain the required protein content and to prevent nitrogen from remaining in the soil. Field experiments were conducted for four years from sowing in 2000 to study the effect of the amount of nitrogen and the time of top-dressing. In the experiment in which sowing was carried out in 2003, nitrogen treatments were 40, 40–60, 40–60–0–60, 40–60–0–60–30, 40–60–0–60–60, 40–60–60–60, 40–60–60–60–30, 40–60–60–60–60, 40–60–30–30, 40–60–30–30–30 and 40–60–30–30–60 (each value showing the amount of applied nitrogen at sowing · re-growing stage · panicle formation stage · flag leaf stage · full heading stage, kg ha?1). The experiments were conducted in Andosol, which has moderate nitrogen fertility, and in Histosol, which is fertile soil.

Kitanokaori did not lodge with high-applied nitrogen, and both yield and protein content increased with an increase in applied nitrogen. In a moderate climate, Kitanokaori reached a protein content of 120 g kg?1 when the amount of absorbed nitrogen was about 190 kg ha?1, and the yield was about 7·8 Mg ha?1 at that time.

The top-dressing at the panicle formation stage was effective to raise the yield and the top-dressing at the full heading stage was effective to raise the grain protein content. It is recommended that the amount of applied nitrogen should be 160 kg ha?1 until the flag leaf stage, and additional nitrogen should be applied at the full heading stage to obtain a grain protein content of more than 120 g kg?1. Nutritional diagnosis at the full heading stage will be necessary to determine whether more nitrogen is needed to achieve the required protein content.

When the amount of total applied nitrogen did not exceed 220 kg ha?1, the amount of absorbed nitrogen was over 90% of applied nitrogen, and there was little inorganic nitrogen in the soil after harvest. Therefore, it was considered that the residue of nitrogen in the soil was small within 220 kg ha?1 of nitrogen application, while favorable growth and high yield were obtained.     

大豆高蛋白组合杂交F4代与亲本蛋白质含量的相关性分析

[目的]探讨大豆高蛋白组合杂交F4代蛋白质含量与其亲本的相互关系。[方法]2005年以蛋白质含量高（45.00%以上）或产量高的8个大豆品种或品系为亲本,配制6个杂交组合进行杂交,2008年获得杂种F4代相关资料,分析杂种F4代蛋白质含量与亲本的相关关系。[结果]双亲蛋白质含量中值,尤其是母本蛋白质含量对F4代蛋白质含量仍有很大影响,呈正相关;高蛋白组合F4代蛋白质含量分离较大,蛋白质含量降低,低于双亲;F4代蛋白质含量与单株产量呈负相关,与百粒重呈正相关;F4代蛋白质含量与亲本的熟期差异呈负相关,相关性不显著。[结论]若要提高大豆F4代蛋白质含量,应选择蛋白质含量高的材料作为母本;在F4代单株个体的选择上,为保证后代产量应选择大粒型为主。     

脂肪细胞膜免疫技术研究进展

脂肪细胞膜免疫技术是从以动物脂肪细胞膜分离得到的膜蛋白作为抗原,通过被动免疫或主动免疫来破坏脂肪细胞,使脂肪组织中的细胞数量减少,限制其贮存脂肪的能力,从而达到调控动物生长和降低动物脂肪的目的。本文将对脂肪细胞膜蛋白抗体的制备、作用机制及在动物上的使用效果进行阐述,并对此技术尚需解决的问题和发展方向进行综述。     

Protein quality of larval feed with increased concentration of hydrolysed protein: effects of heat treatment and leaching

Four heat coagulated early weaning diets with increasing concentrations of pepsin hydrolysed protein, were investigated with regard to the change in protein quality during feed production and exposure to leaching. Water-soluble N, trichloroacetic acid-soluble N and amino acid (AA) profiles were determined in finished diets and in diets leached for 6 min. In vitro diet digestibility was measured and related to increasing inclusion of hydrolysed protein and N leakage. Seventeen to 47% of soluble N in the feed ingredients was made insoluble by heat denaturation during feed production, but the concentration of peptides and free amino acids (FAA) were not influenced. All peptides/FAA and 70–80% of water-soluble protein were lost after exposure to leaching. Increased inclusion of hydrolysed protein increased the loss of crude protein (15–30%). All taurine and 30% of histidine was lost during leaching, no other major changes in AA profile were found. There was no difference in digestibility between diets exposed to leaching. However, leached diets showed reduced digestibility as compared to diets that had not been exposed to leaching. In conclusion micro-bound type diets as used in this study have a low efficiency in delivering soluble N to fish larvae and should be carefully considered for this purpose.     

南方水稻黑条矮缩病抗病遗传资源与分子机理研究进展

南方水稻黑条矮缩病（Souther rice black-streaked dwarf virus disease, SRBSDVD）是依靠白背飞虱（Sogatella furcifera）为传播介体，由南方水稻黑条矮缩病毒（Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus，SRBSDV）侵染引起的一种水稻病毒病。该病害于 2001 年在我国华南地区首次被发现，随后发生面积不断扩大，危害逐年加重，已成为近年来危害中国南方稻区水稻生产的重要病害之一。白背飞虱迁飞性强、种群数量大、传毒持久等特点，导致化学农药防虫治病效果并不理想，至今还未有可持续和绿色控制 SRBSDVD 的手段。根据病原病毒的爆发性及其传播介体白背飞虱的生物学特性，预计该病害在未来较长的一段时期内将是我国最严重的水稻病害之一，很有可能再次暴发流行。因此，当前生产上急需培育出能够抵御 SRBSDVD 的抗性水稻品种。本文综述了 SRBSDVD 的发病规律、抗病种质资源的收集与评估、抗病基因或数量性状位点（QTL）的精确定位，以及这些抗性基因的分子作用机制，进一步探讨了利用现代分子生物学技术，包括分子标记辅助选择、基因沉默（RNAi）和基因编辑等技术加快 SRBSDVD 抗病品种的选育，可为今后有效控制 SRBSDVD 提供基础。     

狂犬病毒RT-PCR检测方法的建立

根据狂犬病毒保守序列设计引物,利用反转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)建立了一种检测狂犬病毒的方法,以期实现对严重危及人和动物生命安全的狂犬病毒直接检测。     

哺乳动物SRY基因研究进展

尽管SRY基因的发现已有10多年，但到目前为止，人们还没有弄清楚SRY基因是如何调控胚胎双性腺发育成睾丸的。经过10多年的研究，人们对SRY基因有了新的认识。作者综述了SRY基因的功能，SRY蛋白以及SRY基因在性腺中表达的最新研究进展。     

校园网ARP病毒的应对与防范

如何防范与应对ARP病毒现已成为摆在各校园网网络管理者面前的一个厄待解决的技术难题。本文阐述了ARP协议工作的原理，分析了ARP病毒攻击过程，剖析了ARP病毒对网络的危害，并结合校园网络的架构特点给出了ARP病毒防范与应对的方法。     

鸡马立克氏病双价疫苗的研究 Ⅰ.马立克氏病SB-1病毒株在鸡胚皮肤细胞中的培养试验

以简便技术制备鸡胚皮肤(CES)细胞,进而进行了鸡马立克氏病(MD)SB-1株病毒适应于CES细胞和致CES细胞病变效应(CPE)的研究.试验表明,在形成CPE的细胞中可检出核内包涵体,MD的SB-1株病毒的CES细胞毒的蚀斑形成单位(pfu)为105.7201-7.2122/m L.本研究为以后用CES细胞增殖SB-1株病毒以代替鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF)制造疫苗提供了依据.     

Epidemiological studies of pig diseases: 1. Use of French protocols for risk factor assessment to predict the health status of Australian herds

Objective To determine in Australian pig herds the accuracy of French protocols for risk factor assessment.
Procedure Data on health indicators and risk factors were collected for three syndromes, 'pre-weaning diarrhoea', 'post-weaning diarrhoea' and 'respiratory problems', using the French protocols. The protocols were used on 118 occasions in 32 Western Australian pig herds during 3 years (1988 to 1991).
Results There was a wide variation in pre-weaning performance, for example growth rate was 107 to 273 g/day (< 200 g/day in 33% of herds). Respiratory lesions at weaning were associated with poor pre-weaning performance. Post-weaning (21 days after weaning) growth rate was 114 to 408 g/day (< 250 g/day in 54% of herds). In the grower herds, 91% of herds had pneumonia, and growth rate was 439 to 625 g/day (< 550 g/day in 54% of herds). Pleurisy as well as pneumonia was associated with reduced growth rate. The risk factor most closely associated with respiratory health status was air volume per pig.
Conclusion Risk factors were most accurate at predicting the health status in post-weaning problems. A weaning weight of at least 7.9 kg and weaning age of 30 days optimised weaner performance. Stocking densities and shed designs providing at least 3 m³ air volume and 0.6 m² floor space per pig throughout the growing phase should be considered for an improved respiratory health status. Australian pig sheds often do not provide a satisfactory environment for optimum health. The technique of risk factor assessment as an aid to the maintenance of health in pig herds is applicable in Australia, but further research is necessary to determine the most important Australian risk factors.