黄河流域典型灌区灌溉节水管理模型研究

以黄河流域上下游2个典型灌区为背景，针对灌区有其农业水管理现状，开发了灌溉节水策略分析决策支持系统（DSS）原型。DSS是一个规划工具，通过对不同策略下田间配水及供水系统的模拟分析及综合决策，寻求最优的策略集合，以达到节约灌溉用水量、提高农业用水效率及维持农业可持续发展的目的。该DSS系统主要用于黄河流域灌区提高农业水管理水平的策略分析，也可用于评估灌区续建配套及土地最佳利用方案等方面。     

荒漠化预警模型及其应用研究

分析了土地生产潜力的影响因子及其计算方法，从机理上分析各因子给未来荒漠化的发展趋势可能造成的影响，并从土地生产潜力退化基本原理出发，建立了荒漠化顸警模型。以疏勒河流域为背景，在GIS平台支持下，应用预警模型分析了该流域昌马灌区农业综合开发后的荒漠化趋势，对灌区荒漠化的发展趋势和潜在危险性进行了分析判断。     

固定式喷灌系统喷头经济压力的研究

在能源危机的冲击下，节能已成为广大喷灌工作者共同关心的问题。降低喷灌系统工作压力是节能的主要方法之一，而喷头的工作压力与喷灌系统工作压力紧密相关。本文提出了固定式喷灌系统喷头经济压力的概念及其确定方法，并将此法运用到实例中。在选择经济、合理的喷头及其经济工作压力方面做了有意义的探讨。     

微灌系统干支管经济坡降的推求

本文按照生产费用和耗能之和最小的原则,利用抛物线函数关系,对微灌系统干、支管的水力坡降进行了分析。分析结果表明:影响经济坡降的主要因素有流量、电价、系统的使用寿命、年运行时间、价格系数、以及机械效益等。最后并举例说明了该公式的应用。     

疏勒河灌区新垦盐碱地洗盐定额试

根据疏勒河灌区新垦盐碱地土壤含盐量高，需采用水平明沟排水冲洗改良的实际，开展了不同冲洗定额的洗盐效果试验研究，提出了排盐地区系数经验公式与冲洗定额对数函数计算公式。根据表层土壤含盐量高的特点，提出了以0~30cm土层作为冲洗改良盐碱地脱盐控制层的准则，并制定了相应的洗盐定额。     

A Framework for Valuing Ecological Services of Irrigation Water – A Case of an Irrigation-Wetland System in Sri Lanka

In many countries, irrigation water is usedfor several purposes other than irrigatingfield crops. In Sri Lanka, irrigationwater from canals, wells, and reservoirs isused for domestic purposes, industry,livestock, and fisheries, and it alsocontributes to sustain the environment. However, policy makers and water managersin irrigation systems only take intoaccount water used for irrigating the fieldcrops and sometimes water used for domesticpurposes. Owing to the failure torecognize the different uses and users ofwater, the water in irrigation systems hasbeen undervalued. This paper presents theenvironmental impact of irrigation and aframework for valuing water for itsmultiple and often competing uses,especially focusing on water uses forecological services, in this case wetlands.The south coastal area of Sri Lanka wasselected as a site for a case study, including2,610 ha of irrigated area and adownstream wetland area of 2,250 ha whichhas five lagoons. This wetland areacombines coastal, marine and freshwaterecosystems in a tropical environment inwhich distinct plant and animal speciescoexist in a delicate balance. All users ofwater and other resources, and theirenvironmental problems were identified. Thispaper discusses the policy and managementimplications of valuing water for competinguses.     

辽河流域防洪系统综合评价指标体系研究

随着我国许多流域防洪体系建设的逐渐完善和水利部门防洪思路的逐渐改变，对流域防洪系统进行综合评价显得很有必要，而要进行防洪系统综合评价首先要建立评价指标体系。阐述了社会系统、经济系统和防洪系统之间的既相互制约又相互促进的关系，说明三者处于一种动态的协调平衡中；结合三者之间的关系，从辽河流域实际情况出发，考虑资料收集的可行性，以全面而精练为准则，分别建立了社会系统、经济系统和防洪系统指标体系，以期对辽河流域防洪系统进行全面、客观的科学评价。该指标体系结合实际作适当修改可以应用于其他流域的防洪系统评价中。     

单位线方法在沿渡河流域的应用研

单位线方法在水文计算及洪水预报中得到了广泛的应用，至今仍然是汇流计算的重要工具。以沿渡河流域为研究背景，分别采用分析法及矩法推求了该流域的时段单位线，并分别用这两种单位线模拟了该流域的同次洪水过程，模拟结果表明分析法得到的单位线更加适合该流域的洪水计算。最后，在详细分析两种方法误差来源的基础上，提出了相应的改进措施。     

“数字清江”实时水情调度联合计

为了快速、准确的分析水情实况、预测未来的发展趋势，结合清江流域防洪减灾工作实际情况，设计了实时水情调度联合计算方案。根据清江流域地理位置的特点，将其分为7个子流域，依次进行降雨径流预报、洪水演算，为防洪减灾提供真实有效的决策依据。通过对该方案的分析，探讨了设计思路，并给出了其实现机理。该方案已在“数字清江”项目中得到成功应用。     

A tool for community-based assessment of the implications of development on water security in hillside watersheds

Development and population growth in Latin American countries with steep slope farming are likely to further increase pressures on water and land resources. A methodology was developed for assessing water availability and use under different development pathways at a watershed scale to determine whether water security is a potential problem, and if so, under what conditions it is likely to occur. This methodology makes use of a GIS-based spatial water budget model for simulating stream water availability, water use and stream flow control on a daily basis at a watershed scale. Here, we analysed water availability under three plausible development scenarios for the 3246 ha Cabuyal River watershed in southwest Colombia in the year 2025: Corporate Farming (CF), Ecological Watershed (EW), and Business as Usual (BU). Simulated average river flows at the watershed outlet were, respectively, 874, 796 and 925 l s⁻¹ for the CF, EW and BU scenarios. The contribution of base flow to river flow (base flow index) was on average, 80.8, 85.6 and 77.9%, respectively, for the three scenarios. The watershed had the potential to meet the anticipated increase in water use under each explorative scenario. However, dams were necessary to store irrigation water in the CF scenario, otherwise over 60% of the available water would have been used during the dry season. Such a high figure raises concerns about effects on aquatic and riparian ecology, concentrations of potential contaminants, water reserves for especially low rainfall years, and the watershed resilience to meet temporarily higher water needs during the day. Analyses indicated that current water-use conflicts in the watershed can be resolved if irrigation water supply is separated from drinking water supply. This study helped reduce some of the complexity associated with the interdependencies between land and water resources, the impact of using them, and spatial linkages within the watershed. Results of this study can be used for teaching local stakeholders about basic landscape responses and helping multi-institutional alliances to become proactive and to guide development to the benefit of local communities.