基于目标像素变化的柚果单目测距算法

针对山地果园光线变化和枝叶遮挡干扰果实距离检测的问题,该研究提出一种利用目标区域像素数量变化预测成像距离的算法。根据单目测距原理和柚果成像特性,以具备尺寸和形状代表性的离树柚果样本为研究对象,在采摘作业距离范围内利用单一相机以固定间隔步距对果实某一侧面连续获取图像数据,用以建立并验证目标区域像素数量变化与成像距离变化之间的多元回归关系。随后将该算法应用于果园中树上柚果样本以检验其适用性,并讨论初始成像距离和步距取值对测距精度的影响。研究结果表明,在125 cm以内,6个树上柚果样本的测距相对误差均低于5%,满足采摘机械手目标定位的精度要求;初始成像距离对该算法测距精度具有显著影响。该研究单目测距算法满足果园环境中柚果目标与相机间距离检测需求,为相关采摘机械手的柚果目标识别提供了一种可行方案。     

辣椒单株结果数性状的主基因+多基因遗传分析

为探究辣椒单株结果数的遗传机制,以单株结果数差异较大的辣椒材料XHB(P₁)和B14-01(P₂)为亲本,构建四世代遗传家系即P₁、P₂、F₁、F₂。运用主基因+多基因多世代联合分析法,研究辣椒单株结果数的遗传规律。结果表明：辣椒单株结果数符合2对加性-显性-上位性主基因模型(2MG-ADI)。2对主基因的加性效应值d_a、d_b分别为-16.33、-13.05,2对主基因的显性效应值h_a、h_b分别为-10.02、-2.51。2对主基因间的加性×显性(j_ab)互作效应和显性×加性(j_ba)互作效应的效应值分别为8.69和12.93,加性×加性上位性(i)互作效应值为6.86,显性×显性(l)的互作效应值为7.23,主基因间的效应以加性效应为主,其次是加性×显性上位性互作效应。主基因遗传率为68.10%,环境引起的变异占比31.9%...     

不同放置方式的诱饵对红火蚁的诱集作用比较

以诱饵诱集时间、工蚁诱集数、工蚁逃逸率3个指标评价了竹签 火腿肠片、标本瓶 火腿肠片2种诱饵诱集技术的监测效果.结果表明:竹签 火腿肠片的方式在25 min内工蚁诱集数达到最大,而标本瓶 火腿肠片的方式仅需要15 min,工蚁诱集数在达到最大值之后逐渐趋于稳定;2种诱集方式在30 min内工蚁诱集数差异不显著,工蚁逃逸率差异显著;从诱饵诱集率、工蚁诱集数2个方面综合考虑高、低密度诱饵数下的5种投放方式,得出"Z"字形是诱饵的最适合投放方式.     

基于集对分析与三角模糊数耦合的土壤重金属污染评价模型

土壤重金属污染程度综合评价问题是一个前沿的、复杂的不确定性问题。本文尝试利用集对分析方法描述土壤重金属污染评价过程中的确定性和不确定性特征,并应用角模糊数刻画集对差异度系数以改进集对分析方法,进而提出了基于集对分析与三角模糊数耦合的土壤重金属污染综合评价新模型。实例应用结果及与其他方法对比分析表明:该模型评价过程直观、计算简便、结果客观合理,在土壤重金属污染评价中具有参考价值。     

Quantitative studies on the relationship between plowing into soil of clubbed roots of preceding crops caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae and disease severity in succeeding crops

The effect of the plowing of clubbed roots of cracifers on the population of Plasmodiophora brassicae in soil was quantitatively studied by measuring the number of resting spores produced in the diseased plants. Though the mean number of resting spores per diseased plant increased with the increase of the disease severity, it remained almost identical for the disease severity classified into category 3 among host species and cultivars tested. Mean number of resting spores per diseased plant ranged from 9.3 to 10.9 (log) regardless of the value of the disease index. When the number of resting spores in soil was calculated based on these data and plant cultivation methods, the values were equivalent to 4.8-6.4 resting spores g^-1soil (log)where clubroot disease occurred severely. The value of the disease index of Chinese cabbage plants grown in the pots where clubbed roots of initially grown plants had been plowed into soil (plowing plot) was higher than that in the pots where no plants had been grown (control plot) and where the clubbed roots of initial plants had been removed (removal plot). Though the number of resting spores of P. brassicae in soil decreased by 14% of the inocoKum concentration immediately after the inoculation, the number of spores after the first cultivation in the removal plot was similar to that in the control plot. On the other hand, the number of resting spores in the plowing plot increased significantly compared with that in the control plot. The plowing of clubbed roots into soil resulted in the increase of the population of P. brassicae and disease severity of clubroot in subsequent cultivation in the field. The results corresponded to the values estimated based on the number of resting spores in soil in relation to each value of the disease index.     

基于土壤水分异质性的小麦滴灌试验小区布设方法

科学合理地确定适宜的试验小区规格,对于经济、高效地获取具有较高精度和代表性的试验数据具有重要现实意义.该研究以确定滴灌条件下适宜的试验小区规格为目标,采用幂函数建立土壤含水率方差与不同小区面积之间的相关关系,计算土壤水分异质性指数以表征试验小区内土壤含水率的相关程度;利用土壤含水率异质性指数,采用Hatheway法确定小麦滴灌试验小区适宜的面积和重复数;根据不同方向上土壤含水率异质性指数研究形状对试验结果的影响,确定试验小区适宜的长宽比.结果表明:增大试验小区面积可以提高试验数据的准确性,但不同面积区间数据离散程度的降低幅度变化较大:面积由1 m2增大到50~100 m2,灌水定额30 mm处理田块间土壤含水率方差降低77.4%~82.6%,灌水定额45 mm处理降低78.6%~83.7%,面积从100 m2增加到500 m2,方差降低幅度显著变小,灌水定额30 mm处理降低17.4%,灌水定额45 mm处理降低16.3%;增加试验重复数可以增加试验对处理间土壤含水率差异的区分能力,试验小区面积在50~100 m2时,重复数由2增加到3能检测出的处理间土壤含水率差异由23.2%~26.5%提高到13.1%~15.0%,表明增加试验重复数可以检测出试验处理间更小的土壤含水率差异,提高试验精度.通过研究滴灌试验小区土壤水分异质性指数与滴灌试验小区规格之间的关系,综合考虑试验精度、代表性和田间实际操作得出以下结论:若试验为高、低水2处理时,试验布设宜为3重复,每重复小区面积为50 m2,可在80%的概率下检测出15%的真实差异;若试验为高、中、低3处理时,试验布设宜为3重复,每重复小区面积为100 m2,可在80%的概率下检测出12%的真实差异.滴灌试验小区适宜的形状为沿滴灌带方向布设的长方形,长宽比在1:1到5:1之间可使试验小区所得数据更具代表性.     

用傅里叶数与优化法分析污泥过热蒸汽干燥有效扩散系数

为进一步研究污泥薄层在过热蒸汽干燥中湿分扩散机理与有效扩散系数,根据干燥法测定有效扩散系数计算时往往忽略物料湿含量变化对有效扩散系影响,该文采用傅里叶数法和优化法分别计算2、4、6和10 mm厚度污泥薄层,在120~280℃过热蒸汽温度下的有效扩散系数,分析有效扩散系数与过热蒸汽温度、薄层厚度之间的关系。计算分析结果表明:采用傅里叶数法和优化法得出的有效扩散系数数值基本一致,能更为精确反应污泥薄层过热蒸汽干燥有效扩散系数值及变化特性;傅里叶数法和优化法算得4 mm厚度污泥在120~280℃过热蒸汽干燥有效扩散系数分别为2.52×10-10~2.93×10-9 m2/s与2.75×10-10~3.32×10-9 m2/s;2、4、6和10 mm厚度污泥在160℃过热蒸汽干燥时2种方法计算的有效扩散系数分别为3.84×10-10~2.28×10-9 m2/s与4.40×10-10~2.72×10-9 m2/s;有效扩散系数随着过热蒸汽温度、薄层厚度增大而逐渐增大,并成线性关系。通过多元线性回归得到2种方法计算的有效扩散系数与干燥温度、薄层厚度简化的表达式,决定系数分别为0.9982、0.9956。计算结果可为污泥薄层过热蒸汽干燥湿分扩散过程与有效扩散系数的变化分析提供参考。     

亚热带红壤区不同土地利用方式下的土壤剖面水流特征

以江西省鹰潭市的典型旱地、稻田和林地为研究对象,采用野外亮蓝染色示踪试验结合室内图像处理的方法,量化了各样地土壤剖面染色特征参数,明确了水流类型的剖面分布规律,并揭示了土壤理化性质对水流特征的影响机制。结果表明:染色面积比(SAR)随着土层深度的增加急剧降低,0—60 cm土层的平均SAR表现为稻田(28.16%)高于旱地(21.95%)和林地(18.64%),SAR差异主要体现在5—25 cm土层;染色路径数(SPN)随着土层深度的增加先增加后减小,整个剖面的平均SPN为稻田最多(20条),旱地其次(12条),林地最少(9条)。各样地0—20 cm土层染色路径宽度(SPW)均以1—10 cm为主,水流类型从上至下依次为均质流、非均质指流和高相互作用大孔隙流;对于20 cm以下土层,旱地和稻田的SPW以1 cm为主,水流类型分别以低相互作用大孔隙流和混合作用大孔隙流为主,林地以1—10 cm的SPW为主,主要水流类型为高相互作用大孔隙流。有机质含量、根系密度和土壤机械组成等性质影响了土壤的孔隙特征,进而影响了土壤的饱和导水率和水流特征。为提高红壤区的水分利用效率、减少水土流失,可以通过破除旱地犁底层、减少稻田干湿交替下的裂隙发育,以及增加林地植被多样性等多种方式实现。     

Cotton Chemical Topping by Applying DPC in Different Cotton-Growing Regions

[Objective] The objective of this study was to investigate the stability and universality of cotton chemical topping by applying mepiquat chloride (1,1-dimethyl-piperidinium chloride, DPC) in different cotton-growing regions. [Method] Field experiments were conducted in 2018 at 10 locations in the Yellow River basin (Hejian and Handan, Hebei province; Dezhou and Wudi, Shandong province), the Yangtze River basin (Dafeng, Jiangsu province; Huanggang, Hubei province), and Xinjiang area (Shihezi location I and loacation II, northern Xinjiang and Luntai and Shaya, southern Xinjiang). Local cultivars/lines were used, and the experiments were performed using a randomized complete block design with three or four replicates. Accompanied with typical DPC multi-application in each location, chemical topping was conducted at 10 days before manual topping (T1) or at the same time with manual topping (T2) by applying four dosages of DPC (0, 90, 180, 270 g·hm^－2), manual topping was used as the first control and non-topping as the second control. [Result] The time of chemical topping significantly affected cotton plant height (except for the results in Handan, Dezhou and Wudi) and the number of fruit branches (except for the results in Dafeng and Huanggang). It was observed that earlier chemical topping would result in lower cotton plant height and a fewer fruit branches. In Hejian and Shihezi location I, the average plant height across DPC chemical topping at T1 stage was not only lower than that of T2 stage but also 3.3 cm and 4.6 cm lower than that of manual topping, respectively. In most locations, chemical topping at T1 stage increased around two fruit branches per plant compared with manual topping, while in T2 stage the increased fruit branches per plant ranged from 2.3 to 7.7. Also, we found that a higher dosage of DPC resulted in shorter plant height (except for that in Huanggang). In some locations, plant heights of chemical topping with 180 g·hm^－2 or 270 g·hm^－2 DPC were even shorter than that of manual topping. The number of fruit branches per plant of 0 g·hm^－2 DPC increased by 2.4-8.3 compared with manual topping. However, chemical topping with 90-270 g·hm^－2 DPC significantly reduced the number of fruit branches compared with 0 g·hm^－2 DPC. There were no significant differences in the number of fruit branches among three DPC dosages (90, 180, and 270 g·hm^－2). In Handan, seed cotton yield of chemical topping at T2 stage was significantly lower than that of manual topping due to the decreased boll number, which is possibly associated with the high temperature and drought weather after chemical topping. While at other locations, most treatments of chemical topping by using DPC did not produce significant effects on yield. In addition, chemical topping by using DPC did not delay cotton maturity, characterized by their similar boll-opening rate and the first harvest rate to those of manual topping before spraying harvest aids. [Conclusion] Cotton chemical topping with DPC is more stable and universal across different cotton-growing regions. We suggest that 90-180 g·hm^－2 DPC could be used at the same time with manual topping for cotton chemical topping.