罐装奶粉真空度形成影响因素研究

奶粉营养成分丰富,为避免罐装奶粉在货架期内出现胀罐情况,保证产品货架期的稳定性,一般采用气调包装并在罐内形成一定真空度。为研究罐装奶粉真空度影响因素,制备罐装奶粉并测试不同条件下罐内的真空度。通过对罐装奶粉进行长期跟踪测试,研究存储时间、存储温度、气体比例对罐内真空度形成的影响。结果表明,随着存储时间增加,罐内真空度呈现先快速增大后趋于平缓的趋势;在存储前期,37℃、47℃条件下的样品形成的真空度较常温更大;二氧化碳（CO2）的比例对罐内真空度形成的影响显著。     

淮山中多酚氧化酶特性及无硫护色脱水工艺

酶促褐变是导致淮山脱水加工过程中色泽变化的主要原因。通过研究淮山中多酚氧化酶的最适pH 值、最适温度等主要特性,设计选取适当的非硫成分NaC1、VC、柠檬酸进行护色,通过正交实验得到一种安全有效的无硫复合护色液,即含质量分数0.7%NaC1、0.3%Vc、0.6%柠檬酸的水溶液。在脱水加工过程中,用该护色液对淮山片浸泡护色4h后,在65℃下干燥4.5h,得到与传统硫熏漂白同样好色泽的终产品。     

温室效应对红桦泡囊丛枝菌根侵染率和侵染强度的影响

本试验以红桦（Betulaalbo-sinensis）为材料,研究不同处理条件下,AMF侵染率和侵染强度的变化规律。结果表明：（1）在自然状态下,AMF的侵染率和侵染强度高;（2）光照强度可提高AMF的侵染率和侵染强度;（3）温度升高和二氧化碳浓度倍增加强AMF的侵染强度;（4）温度差值在4℃～7℃时对AMF侵染率有促进作用;（5）温度差值在2℃～4℃和二氧化碳浓度倍增对AMF侵染率夏季起抑制作用,秋季起促进作用;（6）从夏季到秋季,AMF侵染率下降,而二氧化碳浓度倍数却使AMF侵染率上升。     

Germination and appressorium formation of Pyricularia oryzae Cavara can be inhibited by reduced concentration of Blasin®Flowable with carbon dioxide microbubbles

We investigated the possibility to reduce the usage of Blasin^®Flowable (BF), a disinfectant inhibiting the germination and appressorium formation of Pyricularia oryzae Cavara conidia, by using carbon dioxide microbubbles (CO₂MB). Germination was significantly inhibited by 10 000-fold diluted BF solution containing CO₂MB generated by the decompression-type generator compared to CO₂ millibubbles (CO₂MMB) and CO₂MB generated by the gas-water circulating-type generator. Appressorium formation in the 10 000-fold diluted BF solution containing both CO₂MBs was less than that in CO₂MMB. Scanning electron microscopy showed wrinkles and dents on the surface of conidia treated with 5 000-fold diluted BF solution containing both CO₂MBs. Via transmission electron microscopy, we observed the expansion of the vacuole and the intracellular space and bloated or absent lipid granules in the conidia treated with BF solution containing both CO₂MBs. Our results show that inhibition of the conidium germination and appressorium formation of P. oryzae Cavara by 10 000-fold diluted BF solution could be achieved by using the decompression-type CO₂MB.     

Effect of soil application of microencapsulated caraway oil on weed infestation and maize yield

This study is aimed to determine the effect of spring soil application of caraway (Carum carvi L.) essential oil (EO) with silicon dioxide (SD) carrier on weed infestation, yield of maize (Zea mays L.), and microbiological soil activity. A two-year field experiment was set up in southern Poland on brown soil. The results showed that SD-EO microencapsulates were effective against dicotyledon weed species. Additionally, during the dry growth season, SD-EO microencapsulates affected the yield of maize (mass of cobs). Soil-applied microencapsulates caused an increase in soil microbiota, especially fungi and actinomycetes, by the end of a dryer season (September 2015). In conclusion, soil application of microencapsulated caraway EO with SD has potential as a natural weed control agent and should be studied further to optimize its dose and term for weed control in maize.     

Modeling temperature and moisture dependent emissions of carbon dioxide and methane from drying dairy cow manure

Greenhouse gas emissions due to biological degradation processes of animal wastes are significant sources of air pollution from agricultural areas. The major environmental controls on these microbe-induced gas fluxes are temperature and moisture content. The objective of this study was to model the effects of temperature and moisture content on emissions of CO₂ and CH₄ during the ambient drying process of dairy manure under controlled conditions. Gas emissions were continuously recorded over 15 d with paired fully automated closed dynamic chambers coupled with a Fourier Transformed Infrared gas analyzer. Water content and temperature were measured and monitored with capacitance sensors. In addition, on days 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15, pH, moisture content, dissolved organic carbon and total carbon (TC) were determined. An empirical model derived from the Arrhenius equation confirmed high dependency of carbon emissions on temperature and moisture content. Results indicate that for the investigated dairy manure, 6.83% of TC was lost in the form of CO₂ and 0.047% of TC was emitted as CH₄. Neglecting the effect of temperature, the moisture contents associated with maximum gas emissions were estimated as 0.75 and 0.79 g·g⁻¹ for CO₂ and CH₄, respectively.     

亳州烟区烤烟不同品种和产区间烟叶钾氯含量的差异分析

为掌握亳州烟区烟叶钾氯含量的特征情况,以2013-2014年在安徽省亳州市4个烤烟主要种植区采集的土壤和烟叶为材料,对不同主栽品种烟叶钾氯含量和土壤理化性状进行了统计分析。结果表明:亳州烟区烟叶钾含量为6.2~21.9 g/kg,下部、中部和上部分别为13.9 g/kg、13.7 g/kg和11.7 g/kg。其中,70%以上的烟叶样品钾含量低于15 g/kg,只有50%的样品钾含量达到10 g/kg以上,少数样品烟叶钾含量能够达到20 g/kg。各产区间同一部位烟叶钾含量均无显著差异,不同品种烟叶钾含量表现为:中烟100龙江911NC89。烟叶氯含量为4.3~20.1 g/kg,下部、中部和上部分别为10.3 g/kg、10.2 g/kg和9.0 g/kg。其中,北部的芦庙和西南的双沟烟叶氯含量相对较低,而北部的张集较高;不同品种同一部位烟叶氯含量均无显著差异。总体而言,亳州烟区烟叶钾含量偏低,氯含量偏高,钾氯比偏低。因此,提钾降氯将是亳州生产优质烟叶的重要任务之一。为了提高烟叶钾含量,应改进施肥方式如采用根区施肥等以提高根区土壤钾素供应,并注重旱期烟田灌溉。为降低烟叶氯含量,烟地应选择氯含量低的土壤,严禁使用含氯肥料,并杜绝大水漫灌。     

橡胶林土壤呼吸研究概述及展望

橡胶林生态系统是热带地区重要的人工生态系统,为热带地区的生态服务和经济发展做出了重要贡献,在世界森林生态系统中占有重要的位置。橡胶林土壤呼吸对调控大气CO2有着重要的作用,是全球变化背景下碳循环过程研究的一个重要环节。系统概述了橡胶林土壤呼吸的研究意义、研究方法、影响因素、时空变化以及对干扰的响应和组分区分,指出橡胶林土壤呼吸研究中存在的不确定性,并对后续研究的热点与方向进行展望。     

超临界CO_2流体萃取兔肉腥味物质

【目的】探讨超临界CO_2流体(SFE-CO_2)萃取兔肉腥味物质的条件,确定腥味物质的种类、组成和含量,为兔肉脱腥以及加工提供理论基础。【方法】采用超临界CO_2流体对兔肉腥味物质进行萃取,以提取率为指标,在单因素试验基础上进行Box-Behnken响应面分析;定量加入内标物质2,4,6-三甲基吡啶(TMP),通过气相色谱质谱仪(GC-MS)对兔肉腥味物质进行分析鉴定。计算气味活度值(OAV),结合气相色谱-嗅闻(GC-O)和感官评价,确定兔肉腥味物质主体成分。【结果】单因素试验结果表明,当萃取温度为40℃时,提取率最高达到97.91%,峰面积为1.58×10~9;当萃取时间为4 h时,提取率最高,为97.83%,峰面积为2.42×10~9;萃取压力为25 MPa时,最高提取率为97.78%,峰面积3.78×108。其中,萃取温度和萃取压力不仅影响溶质扩散系数,还影响CO_2流体密度。温度增加时,尽管扩散系数增大,由于CO_2流体密度下降,提取率随之减小。虽然CO_2流体密度在高压下较大,但随着压力增加,可压缩性随之减小,由于扩散系数降低,溶质溶解度下降,因而提取率降低。当萃取时间过长时,一些非挥发性物质被溶出,使得萃取物质总量增加,降低了挥发性风味物质的比重。根据响应面分析,得出最优萃取条件为:萃取温度40.67℃、萃取压力25.67 MPa、萃取时间3.13 h,提取率为98.01%。而实际操作时,提取条件修正为萃取温度40℃、萃取压力25 MPa、萃取时间3 h,在此条件下提取率为98.11%。通过定量加入内标物质TMP,GC-MS定性定量分析得到兔肉挥发性风味物质5类,包括醛类、酸类、酯类、杂环类化合物和烃类,共计38种风味化合物。其中,酸类((1 394.25±3.45)μg·kg~(-1))酯类((569.26±1.23)μg·kg~(-1))烃类((471.82±1.11)μg·kg~(-1))醛类((168.46±0.97)μg·kg~(-1))杂环类((86.71±0.64)μg·kg~(-1))。通过计算得到兔肉挥发性风味物质中戊醛、己醛、己酸和2-戊基-呋喃的OAV值均大于1,且己酸己醛2-戊基-呋喃戊醛,表明这4种物质对兔肉腥味有重要贡献,而己酸对兔肉腥味的贡献最大。同时,气相色谱-嗅闻(GC-O)分析认为这4种物质均具有不同程度异味,包括肝脏腥味、草腥味、羊膻味和豆腥味等,感官分析表明萃取物有明显兔肉腥味。【结论】超临界CO_2流体萃取兔肉腥味物质可行,为研究兔肉腥味提供了新的提取方法。其最佳萃取条件为:时间3 h,温度40℃,压力25 MPa。戊醛、己醛、己酸和2-戊基-呋喃初步确定为兔肉腥味的主体成分。     

正交设计优化超临界二氧化碳萃取芜荽籽油的工艺

[目的]采用超临界二氧化碳技术萃取新疆地产的芫荽籽油,并对其工艺进行优化。[方法]以新疆地产芫荽籽为研究对象,采用超临界二氧化碳萃取技术,以芫荽籽油的提取率为指标,先利用单因素试验,分别考察了原料粒度、携带剂种类、携带剂用量、萃取压力、温度、时间以及分离温度7个因素对芫荽籽油收率的影响,筛选了超临界二氧化碳萃取芫荽籽油的工艺参数,然后用4因素3水平正交试验设计,重点探讨了萃取压力、温度、时间以及分离温度对芫荽籽油收率的影响,优化超临界二氧化碳萃取芫荽籽油工艺。[结果]研究表明,超临界二氧化碳萃取新疆芫荽籽油较适宜的工艺条件为:以料液比为1∶0.6的乙醇作为携带剂,萃取压力为20 MPa,萃取温度为55℃,萃取时间为60 min,分离温度为30℃,油脂提取率可达14.99%,得到具有怡人芳香气味的芫荽籽油。[结论]研究建立了新疆芫荽籽油超临界二氧化碳萃取工艺,可为新疆自然资源的开发利用和维吾尔药的二次开发提供科学依据。