膨润土改性及对水中Cr(Ⅵ)吸附性能的研究

目的 提高膨润土对水中Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附性能。方法 采用氢氧化钠和壳聚糖对膨润土进行改性,分别得到碱改性膨润土（B-NaOH）、壳化膨润土（B-CS）和壳化碱改性膨润土（B-NaOH-CS）。以钠基膨润土（B）为对照,利用红外光谱仪、扫描电镜和比表面积分析仪表征3种改性膨润土的理化性质,研究其对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附性能。结果 B-NaOH-CS中出现了强N—H吸收峰以及增强的C—H对称弯曲峰,同时B-NaOH-CS表面片状结构卷曲分散,层间孔隙增多,比表面积是其他膨润土的1.2倍以上。当Cr（Ⅵ）质量浓度为50 mg·L^-1时,B-NaOH-CS对Cr（Ⅵ）的平衡吸附量为1.03 mg·g^-1,分别是B-CS、B-NaOH的1.26、1.84倍。描述膨润土吸附Cr（Ⅵ）的动力学过程,准二级动力学模型优于准一级动力学模型;描述膨润土吸附Cr（Ⅵ）的热力学过程,Langmuir等温模型优于Freundlich等温模型。热力学参数△H>0、△G<0、△S>0,表明膨润土吸附Cr（Ⅵ）为吸热、自发、无序反应。B-NaOH在pH=7.0时对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附量最大,B-CS、B-NaOH-CS在pH = 3.0时对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附量最大。结论 B-NaOH-CS对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附效果最好,改性膨润土对去除Cr（Ⅵ）污染有重要作用。     

不同平均聚合度低聚壳聚糖对毛白杨相关酶活性的影响

【目的】研究不同聚合度低聚壳聚糖对毛白杨愈伤组织苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和几丁质酶活性的影响。【方法】采用H2O2氧化法分别降解壳聚糖2,4,5,6h,用乙酰丙酮法测定这几种产物的平均聚合度,通过检测不同质量浓度各种低聚糖处理后毛白杨愈伤组织PAL及几丁质酶活性的变化,确定各低聚壳聚糖处理的最佳质量浓度,比较最佳质量浓度下4种低聚壳聚糖处理对毛白杨愈伤组织PAL及几丁质酶活性的诱导效果。【结果】低聚糖的平均聚合度随降解时间的延长而不断减小,降解2,4,5,6h时平均聚合度分别为24.94,17.68,14.66和10.02,这4种低聚壳聚糖均能使毛白杨愈伤组织中的PAL及几丁质酶活性显著升高,且以质量浓度为75mg/L、平均聚合度为10.02的低聚壳聚糖的诱导效果最佳,由其诱导的毛白杨愈伤组织中的PAL活性及几丁质酶活性分别是对照的4.31和3.11倍。【结论】在设定的平均聚合度和质量浓度范围内,平均聚合度越低的低聚壳聚糖对毛白杨愈伤组织PAL和几丁质酶活性的诱导效果越好。     

Preparation of Chitosan Nanocompositeswith a Macroporous Structure by Unidirectional Freezing and Subsequent Freeze-Drying

Chitosan is the N-deacetylated derivative of chitin, a naturally abundant mucopolysaccharide that consists of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-d-glucose through a β (1→4) linkage and is found in nature as the supporting material of crustaceans, insects, etc. Chitosan has been strongly recommended as a suitable functional material because of its excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity, and adsorption properties. Boosting all these excellent properties to obtain unprecedented performances requires the core competences of materials chemists to design and develop novel processing strategies that ultimately allow tailoring the structure and/or the composition of the resulting chitosan-based materials. For instance, the preparation of macroporous materials is challenging in catalysis, biocatalysis and biomedicine, because the resulting materials will offer a desirable combination of high internal reactive surface area and straightforward molecular transport through broad “highways” leading to such a surface. Moreover, chitosan-based composites made of two or more distinct components will produce structural or functional properties not present in materials composed of one single component. Our group has been working lately on cryogenic processes based on the unidirectional freezing of water slurries and/or hydrogels, the subsequent freeze-drying of which produce macroporous materials with a well-patterned structure. We have applied this process to different gels and colloidal suspensions of inorganic, organic, and hybrid materials. In this review, we will describe the application of the process to chitosan solutions and gels typically containing a second component (e.g., metal and ceramic nanoparticles, or carbon nanotubes) for the formation of chitosan nanocomposites with a macroporous structure. We will also discuss the role played by this tailored composition and structure in the ultimate performance of these materials.     

胺基化磁性壳聚糖微球对苹果渣多酚的吸附条件优化

为分离苹果渣中的多酚物质,研究壳聚糖磁性材料对多酚物质提取的影响。采用化学共沉淀法制得Fe3O4磁核,反相悬浮交联法制得磁性壳聚糖微球,并进行胺基化改性;利用扫描电镜、激光粒度仪对微球进行表征。采用单因素试验和响应曲面法对磁性微球吸附分离苹果渣多酚的吸附条件进行了工艺优化。结果表明:胺基化磁性壳聚糖微球吸附苹果渣多酚工艺参数对多酚吸附率有显著影响,因素影响主次顺序为微球用量>摇床转速>吸附温度;胺基化磁性壳聚糖微球吸附苹果渣多酚的工艺参数为:微球用量0.25g/mL,吸附温度45℃,摇床转速127r/min,吸附率可达81.58%。壳聚糖与Fe3O4磁性物质相结合,对多酚物质具有良好的吸附性能,可以对多酚物质进行快速分离,解析后多酚得率可达78.73%。研究结果为磁性材料吸附分离多酚类物质提供了理论参考。     

Influence of nanochitosan/zeolite composite on growth performance,digestive enzymes and serum biochemical parameters in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Protective effects of nanochitosan/zeolite composite besides zeolite and chitosan/zeolite composite on rainbow trout growth, digestive enzyme activities and biochemical parameters were studied. Nanochitosan/zeolite hybrid composites with three different ratio of nanochitosan:zeolite (35:100, 3.5:100 and 0.35:100) were synthesized and analysed by X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD), thermal gravim (TG) analysis and scanning electron microscope (SEM) methods. Prepared composites as well as zeolite and control diets were fed to rainbow trout (50 g) for a period of 60 days. The addition of treated diets significantly improved growth performance compared to the control diet. Supplemental zeolite could only enhance the amylase activity in fish intestine, whereas other treatment groups could increase the pepsin activity besides intestinal alkaline phosphatase, trypsin and amylase activities. No differences were observed for intestinal acid phosphatase and lipase activities among the experimental diets. Meanwhile, serum total antioxidant activity and lipid peroxidation product, indicated by malondialdehyde (MDA), significantly increased and decreased, respectively, with some doses of administration, indicating the elevated antioxidant status in treatment groups. Serum‐specific marker enzymes, namely aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), were not affected in all groups. Meanwhile serum total protein in most treatment groups was significantly higher than the control group. Results showed that synthesized composites especially nanochitosan/zeolite composite at 5 g/kg had potential to enhance growth performance, digestive enzyme activities and some biochemical parameters in rainbow trout.     

链霉菌30702复合壳聚糖对番木瓜PRSV的防控效果

探究链霉菌30702复合壳聚糖对番木瓜环斑病毒病（papaya ringspot virus,PRSV）的防控效果,为番木瓜环斑花叶病防治提供基础。以台农二号番木瓜为材料,壳聚糖设3个浓度1.0g/L、0.5g/L、0.25g/L;30702菌液2个浓度0 cfu/L和4.2×10 6cfu/L,互相组合为6个处理,以清水处理为空白组,宁南霉素0.05 g/L为对照组,共8个处理;运用分光光度计法测量相关酶活。1.0 g/L壳聚糖复合4.2×106 cfu/L链霉菌30702的防治效果为88.6（p＜0.05）,显著高于其他组;壳聚糖复合链霉菌30702组的防治效果、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶（POD）活性、多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性相较于单独使用壳聚糖组有显著提升。使用1.0 g/L壳聚糖复合4.2×106 cfu/L的30702对番木瓜防控PRSV的效果最好,防治指数达到88.6%。     

两种纯化工艺对大黄水提液中蒽醌类成分的影响研究

目的 探索壳聚糖絮凝澄清工艺与醇沉工艺对大黄水提液中蒽醌类成分的影响规律。方法 以大黄中5种蒽醌类成分的保留率为评价指标,考察两种纯化工艺在不同条件下对大黄水提液中蒽醌类成分的影响。结果 两种纯化工艺在不同的条件下,大黄水提液中5种蒽醌类成分的保留率大小几乎具有一致的规律,即大黄酸 >芦荟大黄素 >大黄素 >大黄酚 >大黄素甲醚,醇沉工艺对于大黄蒽醌类成分的保留率优于壳聚糖絮凝澄清工艺。结论 醇沉工艺对极性小的成分的保留优于壳聚糖絮凝澄清工艺,而对极性高的成分的保留则相反。     

蚕蛹壳聚糖复合水凝胶的抗菌性能及对创伤的愈合作用

以蚕蛹壳聚糖、蜂蜜和明胶等为基质制备医用复合水凝胶。对以不同配比制备的蚕蛹壳聚糖复合水凝胶、单纯蚕蛹壳聚糖水凝胶、蜂蜜水凝胶的抗菌性能进行比较试验,并以大耳白兔为受试动物,采用切片法检测蚕蛹壳聚糖复合水凝胶对烫伤伤口的愈合作用。结果表明:用质量分数为0.25%的蚕蛹壳聚糖和质量分数为20%的蜂蜜制成的复合水凝胶的杀菌作用明显高于市售烧伤膏和单纯蚕蛹壳聚糖或蜂蜜水凝胶,对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌24 h内的抑菌率均达到100%,且持久性好;大耳白兔烫伤伤口经0.25%蚕蛹壳聚糖+20%蜂蜜复合水凝胶处理后12 d可基本愈合,切片观察愈合的伤口表皮无溃疡,局部毛囊增生,且有新生表皮细胞生成。研究结果显示,蚕蛹壳聚糖复合水凝胶具有广谱抗菌性能,可用作创伤敷料。