水力空化强化壳聚糖抗菌微球制备工艺的研究

为研究涡流产生的水力空化效应对壳聚糖抗菌微球包封率的影响,探讨水力空化强化壳聚糖抗菌微球制备的最佳工艺,在单因素试验的基础上,通过五因素三水平的响应面分析法研究了涡流出口压力、空化时间、壳聚糖浓度、甲基异噻唑啉酮(MIT)浓度、三聚磷酸钠(TPP)浓度对壳聚糖抗菌微球包封率的影响。结果表明,响应面法优化的最佳工艺参数为:涡流出口压力0.3 MPa,空化时间15 min,壳聚糖浓度3.0 g/L,MIT浓度0.6 mmol/L,TPP浓度2.5 g/L,载抗菌剂的壳聚糖微球包封率达(50.17±1.95)%,说明水力空化适合用于强化壳聚糖抗菌微球的制备工艺。     

几种霉菌产甲壳素脱乙酰酶活力比较及部分酶学性质

比较了几种霉菌(毛霉、根霉、曲霉和青霉)在对数生长末期和稳定期末期的胞内和胞外甲壳素脱乙酰酶的活力。研究结果表明:(1)各霉菌的胞内和胞外都具有甲壳素脱乙酰酶活力,而且胞外酶的活力普遍大于胞内酶的活力;(2)处于对数生长期末期的毛霉菌株产甲壳素脱乙酰酶活力最高,其胞外酶活力达到了97.2±4.2 U/g干菌丝体。酶学特性研究表明:该酶的最适温度为50℃,最适pH约为7.2,低温保存稳定性较差,每24小时酶活力下降30%以上。     

The Microstructure,Antibacterial and Antitumor Activities of Chitosan Oligosaccharides and Derivatives

Chitosan obtained from abundant marine resources has been proven to have a variety of biological activities. However, due to its poor water solubility, chitosan application is limited, and the degradation products of chitosan oligosaccharides are better than chitosan regarding performance. Chitosan oligosaccharides have two kinds of active groups, amino and hydroxyl groups, which can form a variety of derivatives, and the properties of these derivatives can be further improved. In this review, the key structures of chitosan oligosaccharides and recent studies on chitosan oligosaccharide derivatives, including their synthesis methods, are described. Finally, the antimicrobial and antitumor applications of chitosan oligosaccharides and their derivatives are discussed.     

链霉菌30702复合壳聚糖对番木瓜PRSV的防控效果

探究链霉菌30702复合壳聚糖对番木瓜环斑病毒病（papaya ringspot virus,PRSV）的防控效果,为番木瓜环斑花叶病防治提供基础。以台农二号番木瓜为材料,壳聚糖设3个浓度1.0g/L、0.5g/L、0.25g/L;30702菌液2个浓度0 cfu/L和4.2×10 6cfu/L,互相组合为6个处理,以清水处理为空白组,宁南霉素0.05 g/L为对照组,共8个处理;运用分光光度计法测量相关酶活。1.0 g/L壳聚糖复合4.2×106 cfu/L链霉菌30702的防治效果为88.6（p＜0.05）,显著高于其他组;壳聚糖复合链霉菌30702组的防治效果、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶（POD）活性、多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性相较于单独使用壳聚糖组有显著提升。使用1.0 g/L壳聚糖复合4.2×106 cfu/L的30702对番木瓜防控PRSV的效果最好,防治指数达到88.6%。     

黄粉虫壳聚糖溶液黏度特性的研究

了解壳聚糖溶解特性,对其应用及产品开发有重要意义。分别以甲酸、乙酸、盐酸为溶剂配制成一定浓度的黄粉虫壳聚糖溶液。测定了不同情况下黄粉虫壳聚糖溶液黏度的变化情况,试验结果表明:(1)黄粉虫壳聚糖溶液黏度随溶液浓度的增加而增加;(2)溶液黏度随存放时间的延长而降低;(3)溶液黏度随温度的升高而降低;(4)溶液黏度随溶剂中酸浓度增加和酸性增强而下降。     

壳聚糖/海藻酸钠微球对红景天苷控制释放的研究

将含有药物的海藻酸钠溶液滴入到壳聚糖和氯化钙的混合溶液中形成微球,制备一系列红景天苷微球,研究微球对红景天苷的包载能力及释药特性。结果表明:海藻酸钠、氯化钙、壳聚糖的质量浓度、海藻酸钠与红景天苷的比例及壳聚糖溶液pH值对微球的包埋率、载药率及缓释性能有影响,而成膜反应时间对载药率和包埋率有影响,对缓释性能没有影响。缓释效果最佳的微球制备工艺条件为海藻酸钠与红景天苷质量比为1.5,海藻酸钠2.5 g/mL,壳聚糖0.8 g/mL,氯化钙1.5 g/mL,成膜时间为5 min,pH值为5.5。     

Effects of different molecular weights of chitosan on methane production and bacterial community structure in vitro

As a new feed additive, chitosan has been shown in recent years to have a certain role in reducing methane emissions from the gastrointestinal tracts of ruminants. However, the effects of chitosan with different molecular weights on rumen fermentation, methane production and bacterial community structure are not yet clear. A basal diet without chitosan served as the control(CTL), and the treatment diets were supplemented with chitosan with different molecular weights: 1 000(1K), 3 000(3K), 5 000(5K), 50 000(5W) and 200 000(20W) dry matter(DM). Six fermentation units per treatment were established. Gas chromatography was used to measure the concentrations of methane, H_2 and volatile fatty acids(VFAs). The bacterial 16S rRNA genes were sequenced with an Illumina MiSeq platform and analysed to reveal the relative abundances of bacterial community taxa. The results showed that the propionate proportion was significantly increased by the addition of chitosan with different molecular weights(P0.05), while methane production and the acetate proportion were significantly decreased(P0.05). The relative abundances of Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group and Prevotellaceae_UCG_003 were significantly increased in the 3K chitosan group compared with the CTL group, whereas the relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group was significantly decreased(P0.05). Correlation analyses of the relative abundances of the bacterial genera showed that Prevotella was positively related to propionate production(P0.05). In conclusion, 3K chitosan could reduce methane production by replacing fibrolytic bacteria(Firmicutes and Fibrobacteres) with amylolytic bacteria(Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria) in the bacterial community structure.     

壳聚糖包膜缓释钾肥的初步研究

以壳聚糖和KC l为主要原料制备壳聚糖包膜KC l的微球,测定了微球在25℃水中浸泡后K+的释放速率,并应用扫描电子显微镜对浸泡前后微球表面膜结构进行表征。结果表明:壳聚糖对K+的包埋率达到97.08%;K+释放量增量表现为,1-4 d快速上升,5-59 d稳定上升,60 d后开始减缓。扫描电镜观察结果表明:微球浸泡前表面膜结构密实;浸泡73 d后微球表面膜形成大量突起、均匀的小孔。24和28 d包膜微球在水中的释放量均符合缓释肥料标准。     

脱乙酰壳聚糖保鲜水萝卜的研究

采用脱乙酰壳聚糖对水萝卜进行涂膜保鲜研究。以水萝卜失水率为指标,考察了稀醋酸浓度、脱乙酰壳聚糖浓度、浸涂时间对保鲜效果的影响,并测定保鲜前后水萝卜的呼吸强度、颜色、硬度及表面褶皱程度的变化。结果表明,最佳保鲜工艺为脱乙酰壳聚糖浓度为1.5%、醋酸浓度为1.0%、浸涂时间为30s。此工艺处理对水萝卜具有可靠的保鲜效果。     

壳聚糖饲用微生物制剂对湘黄鸡免疫指标和肠道菌群的影响

在不用药物、不接种疫苗的条件下,于饮水中添加0（CK）,0．5％,1．0％和1．5％的以壳聚糖为培养底物研制的壳聚糖饲用微生物制剂饲喂湘黄鸡,探讨其对湘黄鸡免疫指标和肠道菌群的影响效果．结果表明,试验组脾脏指数有上升趋势（Jp〈0．25）,法氏囊指数和胸腺指数显著提高（p〈0．05）;试验组血液中IgG含量呈上升趋势（P〈0．25）,T3,T4和IgA含量也显著提高（P〈0．05或（p〈0．01）;试验组盲肠中大肠杆菌显著减少,而乳酸杆菌显著增加（P〈0．01）．同时在日增重和育成率上,试验组提高率达9．31％（p〈0．01）和7．01％（p〈O．05）,表明该制剂通过促进免疫器官发育,增强T3,T4,IgA,IgG分泌和改善肠道微生态环境,从而提高试鸡的抗病力和生长性能．