壳聚糖对芒果离体叶片渗透胁迫的缓解效应

研究不同浓度壳聚糖溶液对芒果(Mangiferaindica)离体叶片在20%聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)渗透胁迫条件下生理生化的影响,结果表明,渗透胁迫下,壳聚糖可减缓叶片中水分的丧失以及叶绿素含量的下降,并能提高过氧化物酶活性和增加脯氨酸含量。因此,壳聚糖可有效缓解渗透胁迫对植物的损伤,提高植物的抗旱性。     

NaCl plus chitosan as a dietary salt to prevent the development of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats

The effect of NaCl plus 3% chitosan on the systolic blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were evaluated and compared with NaCl plus KCl (NaCl, 49.36% + KCl 49.36%) and chitosan or NaCl treatment alone. In SHR, administration of NaCl plus chitosan (44 mM Na/day) for two months significantly decreased the systolic blood pressure greater than of NaCl plus KCl and NaCl alone. NaCl plus chitosan resulted, though not statistically significant, in decreased urinary Na⁺ excretion and decreased blood urea nitrogen levels. Urinary creatinine of NaCl plus chitosan was slightly decreased compared to 3 treated groups. Serum electrolytes levels, however, remained unchanged. The combination of NaCl and chitosan may be superior to the conventional use of NaCl plus KCl or NaCl alone in the prevention of hypertension. Even though these supplementary diets have demonstrated potential anti-hypertensive effects in the experimental animal model, further research is needed before any recommendations can be made.     

壳聚糖对丰都红心柚保鲜效果的影响

采用H202氧化降解法制备相对分子质量(Mw)为1 500～2000的低分子质量壳聚糖.先用有益微生物制剂100液浸果2 min,再用浓度为1.5%的低分子质量壳聚糖涂膜保鲜丰都红心柚.试验结果表明,在常温和普通民房贮藏条件下贮藏100天,其烂果率为9.2%、干疤率为10.3%,防腐保鲜效果优于化学防腐保鲜剂.     

魔芋葡苷聚糖/壳聚糖共混胶黏剂应用于胶合板的研究

以胶合强度为考察指标,进行魔芋葡苷聚糖/壳聚糖共混配比胶黏剂工艺的制备研究.试验结果表明,胶黏剂中各组分用量的较佳参数为:壳聚糖1%,魔芋葡苷聚糖1.5%,NaOH为1%.此配比制备的胶黏剂压制的胶合板,干状胶合强度最大;在壳聚糖1%,魔芋葡苷聚糖1.5%,NaOH为2%的配比时,胶合板的湿状胶合强度最大.     

壳聚糖和大蒜素复合涂膜对葡萄的保鲜效果

以黑提葡萄为材料,研究壳聚糖单一涂膜与壳聚糖和大蒜素复合涂膜对黑提葡萄保鲜效果的影响,结果表明,2种涂膜处理均可以有效抑制葡萄的呼吸强度,降低失重率和MDA的积累量,延缓SSC和TA的降解,提高好果率和果实耐压力,维持高活性的SOD,相比之下,大蒜素与壳聚糖复配的可食性膜的保鲜效果明显好于单一壳聚糖处理.     

壳聚糖的抗菌性及其对果实病害的防治研究进展

 对壳聚糖的抑菌性及其在果实保鲜中的应用技术进行分析和综述。壳聚糖具有广谱的抑菌性,能够抑制真菌孢子产生、萌发、芽管伸长和菌丝生长,其抑制效果与壳聚糖的分子量、脱乙酰度、基团修饰等分子特征直接相关并受溶液浓度、pH和溶剂类型的影响,其抑菌机理与其对细胞的直接损伤或作为信号物质直接或间接干扰细胞代谢过程相关。壳聚糖对多种果实采后病害具有防治效果,通过直接抑制病原菌的生长、提高果实抗性和延缓果实衰老等途径发挥作用。外源物质配合或采前采后应用技术的综合使用能提高壳聚糖对病害防治的效果。本文还对壳聚糖在该领域的应用前景和未来研究的重点进行了探讨。     

Oxidative Stability of Spray-Dried Microencapsulated Fish Oils with Different Wall Materials

Multilayer microencapsulation of fish oil was evaluated by using fish gelatin (treated with or without microbial transglutaminase [MTGase]), chitosan, and maltodextrin for its ability to control lipid oxidation. This study showed that a mixture containing gelatin and maltodextrin obtained the highest percentage of core release. The oxidative stability of the formulated mixtures and the bulk oils was investigated during a period of 60 days. The peroxide value (PV) was assessed as a parameter for primary oxidation products, and p-anisidine (p-AV) and thiobarbituric acid reactive sub-stances (TBARS) was used to analyze secondary oxidation compounds. Observation of oxidation products showed that combinations of gelatin and maltodextrin made by adding MTGase and a mixture of gelatin and chitosan were able to increase the oxidative stability, and increases in PV and p-AV and TBARS were found for all oils.     

壳聚糖和抗坏血酸复合处理提高台湾青枣采后保鲜效果

为了延长台湾青枣(Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.)的采后保鲜时间,基于抗坏血酸(ascorbic acid,As A)可提高果实抗氧化能力,壳聚糖涂膜处理能防止果实失水和微生物侵染,该文探讨抗坏血酸、壳聚糖涂膜及抗坏血酸和壳聚糖复合处理对台湾青枣(Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.)采后保鲜效果的影响.果实采收后当天,分别用30.0mmol/L抗坏血酸浸泡处理、8g/L壳聚糖涂膜以及30.0mmol/L抗坏血酸浸泡后并用8g/L壳聚糖涂膜复合处理,以双蒸水浸泡处理为对照,处理结束后,置于(25±1)℃和90%~95%相对湿度下贮藏,定期测定果实相关生理参数,扫描电镜观察果皮果实组织结构.结果表明,与对照相比,抗坏血酸或壳聚糖单独处理虽然对台湾青枣保鲜有一定效果,但复合处理后保鲜效果更好.表现为显著减少果实失水率和相对电导率(P<0.05),抑制果皮叶绿素降解及果实果胶酶和多聚半乳糖醛酸酶活性增加,降低原果胶分解成可溶性果胶的速率(P<0.05),使果实硬度和细胞完整性得以维持;延缓果实超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)和过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)活性下降,降低膜脂氧化速率,果实过氧化氢和膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛含量显著下降(P<0.05);维持果实较高的可溶性固形物(total soluble solids,SS)、可溶性总糖(total soluble sugar,TSS)、可滴定酸(titratable acidity,TA)、谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)及抗坏血酸含量.研究结果说明,抗坏血酸和壳聚糖复合处理可提高台湾青枣贮藏过程中的抗氧化能力,降低氧化伤害;降低果实失水率,减缓果皮叶绿素降解速率,延缓细胞降解和软化速率,维持果实细胞完整性,降低果实的腐烂率,从而达到延长采后果实保鲜的效果.     

Chitin Deacetylases: Properties and Applications

Chitin deacetylases, occurring in marine bacteria, several fungi and a few insects, catalyze the deacetylation of chitin, a structural biopolymer found in countless forms of marine life, fungal cell and spore walls as well as insect cuticle and peritrophic matrices. The deacetylases recognize a sequence of four GlcNAc units in the substrate, one of which undergoes deacetylation: the resulting chitosan has a more regular deacetylation pattern than a chitosan treated with hot NaOH. Nevertheless plain chitin is a poor substrate, but glycolated, reprecipitated or depolymerized chitins are good ones. The marine Vibrio sp. colonize the chitin particles and decompose the chitin thanks to the concerted action of chitinases and deacetylases, otherwise they could not tolerate chitosan, a recognized antibacterial biopolymer. In fact, chitosan is used to prevent infections in fishes and crustaceans. Considering that chitin deacetylases play very important roles in the biological attack and defense systems, they may find applications for the biological control of fungal plant pathogens or insect pests in agriculture and for the biocontrol of opportunistic fungal human pathogens.     

Chitin and Chitosan as Multipurpose Natural Polymers for Groundwater Arsenic Removal and As2O3 Delivery in Tumor Therapy

Chitin and chitosan are natural polysaccharide polymers. These polymers have been used in several agricultural, food protection and nutraceutical applications. Moreover, chitin and chitosan have been also used in biomedical and biotechnological applications as drug delivery systems or in pharmaceutical formulations. So far, there are only few studies dealing with arsenic (As) removal from groundwater using chitin or chitosan and no evidence of the use of these natural polymers for arsenic trioxide (As₂O₃) delivery in tumor therapy. Here we suggest that chitin and/or chitosan might have the right properties to be employed as efficient polymers for such applications. Besides, nanotechnology offers suitable tools for the fabrication of novel nanostructured materials of natural origin. Since different nanostructured materials have already been employed successfully in various multidisciplinary fields, we expect that the integration of nanotechnology and natural polymer chemistry will further lead to innovative applications for environment and medicine.