Evaluation of relationship between dispersibility of soils and charge characteristics using a modified ion adsorption method; An example of soils from Wakayama Prefecture,Japan

The relationship between the charge characteristics and the dispersibility of soils from reclaimed land (highly dispersive) and adjacent forest area (physically stable) was investigated.

To evaluate the amount of soil charges quantitatively, the measurement based on cation and anion adsorption (ion adsorption method) was attempted in two ways, where special attention was paid to the solution concentration. In the conventional ion adsorption method, the treatments with concentrated solutions (1 mol L^-1) were included in the process. In the modified method, soils were treated with dilute solutions (5 mmol L^-1), in taking account of the soil solution concentration in humid temperate regions. The amount of charges derived from the modified method was smaller than that from the conventional one, especially in the high pH zone. In a preliminary experiment, the extraction of polyvalent cations from soils was found to be significantly affected by the salt concentration. Thus, the use of solutions with an excessively high concentration was considered to result in an error in the estimation of the active charges in soils which would contribute to the dispersion behavior in the field.

The applicability of the modified method for analyzing the dispersion behavior of soils was evaluated by relating the dispersibility of silts and clays at different pHs with the charge characteristics determined under the same ionic strength. The dispersion ratio of silts of the reclaimed land reached maximum values at pH 5.5, above which the ratio decreased, whereas the ratio of clays began to increase in the pH range above 6. The dispersion ratio of silts of the forest area increased in the pH range above 6, whereas that of clays remained constant at a low level in all the pH ranges below 7. The changes in the dispersibility of silt plus clay fractions corresponded to total charge characteristics determined by the modified method. Thus, the evaluation of soil charges by the modified ion adsorption method was considered to be effective to predict soil dispersibility under field conditions, indicating that it could replace electrokinetic analyses such as electrophoresis in studies on the dispersion/flocculation behavior of soils.     

土壤中水溶性有机质的结构特征及其与富里酸、胡敏酸的比较

采用元素分析、1HNMR和FTIR研究了黄泥土中水溶性有机质组成及结构特征,并与富里酸、胡敏酸进行比较。结果表明:胡敏酸含有大量的芳香族不饱和物质,烷基链烃多,支链长;富里酸以含有大量的羧基为主要结构特征;水溶性有机质主要由碳水化合物组成,含有大量的羟基,芳香族不饱和物质少。     

Field compaction at different soil-water status: effects on pore size distribution and soil water characteristics of a Rhodic Ferralsol in Western Cuba

The level of compaction induced on cultivated fields through trafficking is strongly influenced by the prevailing soil-water status and, depending on the attendant soil degradation, vital soil hydraulic processes could be affected. Therefore, understanding the relationship between field soil-water status and the corresponding level of induced compaction for a given load is considered an imperative step toward a better control of the occurrence of traffic-induced field soil compaction. Pore size distribution, a fundamental and highly degradable soil property, was measured in a Rhodic Ferralsol, the most productive and extensively distributed soil in Western Cuba, to study the effects of three levels of soil compaction on soil water characteristic parameters. Soil bulk density and cone penetration index were used to measure compaction levels established by seven passes of a 10 Mg tractor at three soil-water statuses corresponding to the plastic (Fs), friable (Fc) and relatively dry soil (Ds) consistency states. Pore size distribution calculated from soil water characteristic curves was classified into three pore size categories on the basis of their hydraulic functioning: >50 μm (f_>50 μm), 50–0.5 μm (f_{50–0.5 μm}) and <0.5 μm (f_<0.5 μm). The greatest compaction levels were attained in the Fs and Fc soil water treatments, and a significant contribution to compaction was attributed to the existing soil water states under which the soil compaction was accomplished. Average cone index (CI) values in the range of 2.93–3.70 MPa reflected the accumulation of f_<0.5 μm pores, and incurred severe reductions in the volume of f_>50 μm pores in the Fs and Fc treatments, while an average CI value of 1.69 MPa indicated increments in the volume of f_{50–0.5 μm} in the Ds treatment. Despite the differential effects of soil compaction on the distribution of the different pore size categories, soil total porosity (f_Total) was not effective in reflecting treatment effects. Soil water desorption at the soil water potentials evaluated (0.0 to −15,000 cm H₂O) was adversely affected in the f_<0.5 μm dominated treatments; strong soil water retention was observed with the predominance of f_<0.5 μm, as was confirmed by the high water content at plant wilting point. Based on these findings, the use of field capacity water content as the upper limit of plant available soil water was therefore considered inappropriate for compacted soils.     

南京典型设施菜地有机肥和土壤中四环素类抗生素的污染特征调查

在南京市范围内采集谷里村、锁石村和东庐村3个地区的典型设施菜地有机肥及土壤样品,并利用超声波提取,固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱分析的方法测定了其中的四环素、土霉素、金霉素和强力霉素等4环素类抗生素。结果表明,采集的有机肥和土壤样品中四环素类抗生素均被检测出,其浓度以土霉素为最高,四环素和强力霉素其次,金霉素浓度较低。在调查的3个地区中,谷里村的有机肥中四环素类抗生素浓度最高,锁石村其次,东庐村则相对较低,各地区抗生素总量范围分别在126~8 071、266~3 326和339~373μg/kg,平均浓度分别为2 152、1 188和356μg/kg;不同种类的有机肥中抗生素的浓度差异很大,其中人畜粪便的抗生素总量为371~7 820μg/kg;而对3个地区土壤中四环素类抗生素浓度的分析结果表明,谷里村仍为最高,总量范围为18.4~483μg/kg。由此可见,施用含有四环素类抗生素的有机肥已对土壤环境造成一定的威胁,有机肥农用的潜在问题应当引起关注。     

The Relationship Between Vegetation Characteristics and Altitudes in Transitional Permafrost Zone in Xidatan,Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Many studies showed that permafrost has profound influence on alpine ecosystem. However, former researches were mainly focused on typical points by temporal scales. There were few studies about the correlation between vegetation characteristics and different altitudes covering a large region in spatial pattern, especially in transitional permafrost(TP). There were continuous permafrost(CP) discontinuous permafrost(DCP) and seasonal frozen ground(SFG) in this study region. The types of permafrost changed from SFG to DCP, and finally become CP as the altitudes of Xidatan increase. In this paper, 112 845 points interpreted by HJ1-B(environment and disaster monitoring and prediction small satellite constellation), vegetation investigation points, thawing layer thickness research sites, ground temperature and water content observation plots were used to examine the spatial pattern of vegetation which were located in different altitudes in Xidatan, a typical TP region, in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Vegetation characteristics, soil moisture content(SMC) and thaw depths were collected in 15 August to 25 August2012. Characteristics of vegetation were mainly represented by fractional vegetation cover(FVC) derived from the normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI), as well as above ground biomass(AGB). In this paper, we analyzed that the distinction of vegetation characteristics in each range through statistics data. These ranges were divided by varied altitudes. For examples, the ranges were divided into 50 m or 100 m. In this study we use a large area plots method to further discuss the relationship between the features of vegetation and the different regions of permafrost based on altitudes shifts in Xidatan. A diagram described the vegetation characteristics variability with rising altitudes in transitional permafrost region was drawn in this paper. Our results illustrated the FVCs first increased in SFG region and then decreased in DCP zone slowly, and in CP region FVCs soared then dropped dramatically. With the altitudes increased, the curve of FVCs indicated a parabolic distribution except a little difference in the first 200 m range.     

流域特征及景观格局对泥沙输移比的影响研究综述

泥沙输移比是目前预测流域产沙量的一种较实用的方法,它的确定受到很多因素的影响,其中流域特征和流域的景观格局是影响泥沙输移比的重要因子。从流域特征和景观格局两大方面对泥沙输移比研究进行综述,以期为我国开展土壤侵蚀及泥沙输移研究提供参考。     

黄孢原毛平革菌处理玉米秸秆的腐解特征

摘要：采用黄孢原毛平革菌处理不同粒度的玉米秸秆,测定了秸秆降解率、木质素降解率、有机质、总腐殖酸、H/F、羧基和酚羟基含量,探讨了秸秆处理过程中的腐解特征。结果表明,在秸秆腐解过程中,腐解物的质量、有机质、木质素含量逐渐降低,其分解率和分解时间与秸秆粒度具有相关性;H/F总体呈上升趋势,腐殖化程度升高;酚羟基含量逐渐降低,羧基含量逐渐升高。这些现象表明秸秆的腐解过程为氧化过程,酚羟基被氧化为羧基。     

华北小麦玉米轮作区耕地地力等级划分及特征

华北地区在我国粮食生产中占有举足轻重的地位,小麦玉米轮作是该区域主要种植制度。本文选取华北小麦玉米轮作区为研究区域,从农业部县域耕地地力调查与评价数据库中甄别遴选了23 862个评价样点,采用土壤图、土地利用现状图和行政区划图组合叠置确定了17 945个评价单元,选取了降水量、积温、地貌类型、耕层厚度、耕地质地、有机质、有效磷、速效钾、有效锌、盐渍化程度、灌溉能力等11个指标,运用特尔斐法、模糊评价、层次分析等方法对耕地地力进行了评价。结果表明:华北小麦玉米轮作区1~6级耕地面积分别占总耕地面积的11.29%、19.30%、28.06%、21.57%、11.99%和7.80%。在定量分级的基础上,将本次评价数据与第二次土壤普查数据进行深入对比,结果发现:该区域耕地地力总体水平上升,主要表现为土壤有机质、有效磷、速效钾的含量明显上升。评价结果将为华北地区地力培肥与土壤改良、科学布局作物生产、提升耕地生产能力等提供基础信息和科学依据。     

河北木蓝种子萌发特性研究

探索河北木蓝种子萌发特性,可为其引种驯化和栽培应用提供理论依据。以河北木蓝种子为研究对象,对种子萌发特性进行了研究。试验结果表明：①河北木蓝种子呈椭圆形、肾形,棕褐色,种子纵径与横径平均分别为2.94±0.39 mm、2.40±0.12 mm,千粒质量为6.83 g,硬实率为55.33%;②50-60℃温水浸种、浓硫酸处理9 min、磨砂处理均能有效打破河北木蓝种子硬实,河北木蓝种子发芽率分别为86.00%、98.00%、98.00%,其中以浓硫酸处理9 min最适宜河北木蓝种子的萌发;③河北木蓝种子经50℃温水浸种、浓硫酸处理9 min及磨砂处理后,其种子吸水率分别为35.89%、96.83%、128.75%,是未处理种子的1.04倍、2.79倍、3.71倍。浓硫酸处理9 min最适宜河北木蓝种子萌发。