燕山板栗种质资源AFLP遗传多样性分析

为研究燕山板栗的遗传多样性,用扩增片段长度多态性(amplified fragment length polymorphism,AFLP)技术对44份板栗种质的遗传多样性及遗传距离进行分析,其中36份原产燕山地区的种质中有18份为野生种质和18份为栽培品种,另外8份为原产山东的品种.共检测了384个AFLP位点,有217个是多态性位点,占56.5%,这表明了所检测的板栗材料中存在着明显的遗传多样性.用NT.SYS软件对44份板栗种质进行聚类分析.所有材料聚成4个类群,其中燕山地区原产的板栗材料被聚为3个类群,山东起源的被聚类为1个独立的类群.在所分析的44份材料中,遗传距离在0.0292和0.2214之间.燕山板栗和外来板栗存在着明显的差异,本研究结果与本实验室用RAPD技术分析的结果是一致的.结果对这些板栗材料在育种中的应用具有重要指导意义.     

桂糖21号等甘蔗新品种的茎尖脱毒培养技术

采用52℃热水处理+38℃热处理+茎尖脱毒+工厂育苗技术培育桂糖21号、桂糖26号健康种苗,保持自育良种的品质。热处理期水分影响蔗茎的萌芽率,桂糖26号热处理10 d萌芽率达90%,出芽较桂糖21号稍快而且整齐。新台糖16号、22号剥取的茎尖稍大(<1 mm),茎尖成活率达80%,接种前期转管周期4-7 d,能有效减轻酚害。     

冬植小果型番茄新品种引种试验初报

对9个小果型番茄新品种的引种比较试验结果表明:综合性状最好的品种是台湾亚蔬11号,其次是甲天下11,再次是龙女,均表现为丰产,较早熟、耐热、极耐寒、抗病毒病、高抗疫病;且畸形裂果率低,商品果颜色大红、光泽度高、果形均匀端正,美观,果实紧实、坚硬适合长途运输、适宜外销或出口,具有极强的市场竞争力,可作为当家品种在当地生产推广。     

不同水稻品种间栽方式控制稻瘟病试验

利用4个当地主栽杂交稻品种与1个优质感病糯稻品种配置4个组合进行混合间栽组合控制稻瘟病试验。结果表明,不同品种混合间栽对稻瘟病具有较好的防治效果,间栽区各品种的平均叶瘟和穗瘟发病率均比净栽区低,尤其对优质易感病糯稻品种,穗瘟相对防治效果达到46.90%~77.36%。混合间栽较之净栽区可在一定程度上增加各品种的单位面积产量,平均增产幅度可达675.0~921.3 kg/hm2。     

玉米品种的耐瘠性研究

选取贵州地区广泛种植的具有较好耐瘠高产特性的12个玉米品种,利用在中低肥力土上筛选出耐瘠性强的品种和在高肥力土上展现出较高的产量空间的方法,采取与生产相近的条件,筛选出了适合黔中地区推广的耐瘠优质的玉米品种遵玉8号、农大108和黔单16号等.利用耐瘠与不耐瘠玉米在主要性状上的对比鉴定,找出了与玉米耐瘠相关的根数、根系体积、根重和地上部鲜重等几个指标,为耐瘠玉米的评价建立了一定的基础.     

时间和温度对活性炭与板栗壳吸附铜锌铅镉的影响

随着工业化和城市化进程的加快,废水排放引起的水环境重金属污染问题越来越突出,去除污水中的重金属成为水环境保护的重要内容之一。本文选取活性炭与板栗壳作为吸附剂,研究在不同的时间及温度下,这2种吸附剂对废水中的Cu2+、Zn2+、Pb2+、Cd2+的吸附性能影响。研究发现,活性炭作为吸附剂时,Cu2+吸附量最大是在0.5 h时,Zn2+是在3 h时,Pb2+和Cd2+则是1 h时;用板栗壳吸附时,Cu2+和Pb2+吸附量最大在1 h,Zn2+是在1 h时,Cd2+则是0.5 h时。吸附剂为活性炭或板栗壳,温度对Zn2+的吸附率影响都不大;吸附Cu2+时,活性炭受温度的影响大于板栗壳,其吸附率随温度的升高而减小;Pb2+和Cd2+的吸附受温度影响明显,均是40℃时吸附率较高,但板栗壳>活性炭,且Cd2+>Pb2+。     

Effect of rice variety on methane emission from an Indonesian paddy field

Variations in CH₄ emission from a Sumatra paddy field in which 8 popular modern varieties in Indonesia were grown were compared in the 1994/1995 rainy season. Total amounts of CH₄ emitted during the period of rice growth were in the ranges of 32.6-41.7 and 51.3–64.6 g CH₄ m^-2 for the plots amended with chemical fertilizer only and those amended with both rice straw and chemical fertilizer, respectively. The mean CH₄ emission rate was highest in the plot with the variety Bengawan solo and lowest in the plots with the varieties Atomita-4 and Way seputih among the plots which received chemical fertilizer, while highest in the plot with Way seputih and lowest in the plot with Bengawan solo among the plots amended with both rice straw and chemical fertilizer. The increase in the mean CH₄ emission rates by rice straw application was higher for the plots planted with Way seputih (1.98 times) and Atomita-4 (1.77 times) than for the plots with Bengawan solo (1.23 times) and IR-64 (1.35 times). The plots with Walanai and Cisanggarung recorded intermediate mean emission rates and the increase in CH₄ emission by rice straw application was also intermediate (1.57–1.64 times). It was noteworthy that Way seputih and Atomita-4 were derived from the variety Cisadane, Bengawan solo and IR-64 from the variety IR-54, and Walanai and Cisanggarung from the varieties IR-36 and Pelita 1-1, respectively.

The amounts of CH. emitted for 1 kg grain production ranged from 53 (Atomita-4) to 74 (Kapuas and Walanai) and from 89-93 (IR-64, Bengawan solo, and Atomita-4) to 121 (Kapuas) g CH₄ kg^-1 of grain for the plots amended with chemical fertilizer and those amended with rice straw and chemical fertilizer, respectively.     

Effect of nitrogen application during ripening period on photosynthesis and dry matter production and its impact on yield and yield components of semidwarf iniica rice varieties under water culture conditions

Abstract

A water culture pot experiment was conducted to analyze the effects of N application during the ripening period (RP) on photosynthesis, dry matter production, and its impact on grain ripening and yield in two semidwarf indica type varieties viz. Gui Zhao 2 (GZ) and BR3 (BR) compared with a japonica type variety Koganemasari (KO) under four N rates viz. 0 (N₀), 10 (N₁₀), 20 (N₂₀), and 40 (N₄₀) mg L^?1. Results showed that N application enabled to maintain a higher leaf area and delay leaf senescence in both indica and japonica type varieties but the decrease in the rate, of leaf area was higher in the former than in the latter and the rate was reduced with increasing N rates. Flag leaf photosynthesis and SPAD values of N treated plants were higher throughout the RP, showing the presence of a significant correlation either for each variety or all the varieties together. Higher photosynthetic rate was supported by higher leaf chlorophyll (SPAD value basis) content, stomatai conductance, and N concentration in leaf blades. Top dry matter content increased with increasing N rates mainly due to mean leaf area rather than NAR except for BR during RP but it was higher in KO than in GZ and BR. Reduction of shoot weight due to translocation of dry matter to panicles during RP was suppressed by N rates both in GZ and BR while shoot weight increased in the N-treated plants in KO. The dependency of KO on current photosynthates for panicle weight was found to be almost hundred percent while the contribution of stored carbohydrates in shoot before heading to panicle weight in GZ and BR was in the range of 4-27 and 33-54%, respectively and the rest was contributed by current photosynthates. The percentage increased with increasing N rates. Percentage of ripened grains (PRG) increased with increasing N rates in GZ and BR due to the increase in dry matter production and in the photosynthetic rates of apex leaves, despite the larger spikelet number and larger hull size. However, KO showed almost no variation although it had the highest PRG among the varieties. Brown rice yield followed the same pattern as that of PRG in GZ and BR and the highest yield was produced by BR followed by GZ and KO. These results suggest that N application during RP was more effective in increasing yield in the semidwarf indica type varieties than in the japonica type variety.     

不同品种小麦籽粒中戊聚糖含量分析

从全国小麦主产区收集弱筋小麦品种19份、强筋品种24份,对小麦籽粒中的戊聚糖含量以及籽粒基本品质特性进行了测定与统计分析。结果显示,不同类型与品种的小麦籽粒中总戊聚糖(TP)和水溶性戊聚糖(WSP)含量存在极显著差异（P<0.01）;强筋小麦的TP和水不溶性戊聚糖（WUP）平均值较弱筋小麦的偏高,但二者的WSP平均值基本一致。对籽粒的戊聚糖含量与其品质特性进行相关性分析发现,强筋小麦籽粒的WSP含量与籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、zel沉降值、面团稳定时间存在正相关关系;弱筋小麦籽粒WSP含量与籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、硬度、zel沉降值、形成时间存在负相关关系。通径分析结果显示,蛋白质与湿面筋含量对戊聚糖含量的影响更为显著。由本研究得出结论,强筋与弱筋类型小麦的品质指标对戊聚糖含量的影响有明显不同,建议未来戊聚糖的研究按小麦类型区别对待。     

多对象特征提取和优化神经网络的玉米种子品种识别

为了实现机器视觉代替人的视觉,对玉米种子品种进行实时、客观、准确和无损伤识别,研制了玉米品种识别硬件系统和软件系统。针对玉米种子及种子图像的特点,对玉米种子品种识别技术与算法进行了深入地研究和探索,提出了一种基于多对象有效特征提取和主成分分析优化神经网络的玉米种子品种识别方法,提取了玉米种子的几何特征和颜色特征参数,优化了基于机器视觉的玉米种子图像处理策略和品种识别算法,提高了玉米品种识别的速度和准确率。对农大108、鲁单981、郑单958、五岳18共4个品种玉米种子进行了品种识别试验,每粒种子识别的平均耗时为 0.127 s,综合识别率达到97%以上。研究表明,基于机器视觉的玉米种子品种识别与检测方法是可行的,该方法可提高玉米种子品种识别效率和正确率。