甜菜筒喙象Lixus subtilis Boheman在藜麦上大暴发

甜菜筒喙象是世界潜在入侵象虫网收录的一种重要象甲科昆虫,主要为害甜菜,以及藜科、苋科和蓼科的一些杂草,国内外未曾见有为害藜麦的报道,2016年7月下旬我们发现该种象虫在北京严重为害藜麦。本文首次报道甜菜筒喙象在藜麦上的发生为害情况,同时介绍了其形态识别特征、生物学特性,给出了防治建议,并提出下一步研究重点,为有效防范甜菜筒喙象的进一步扩散为害,保障我国藜麦产业的健康发展提供科学支撑。     

南亚实蝇成虫空间分布型及抽样技术

南亚实蝇Zeugodacus tau(Walker)是瓜果蔬菜上重要的检疫性害虫,常导致严重的经济损失。本文旨在明确其在主要寄主作物(丝瓜、“苦瓜-桂花”系统)上的空间格局,并根据最适理论抽样数制定了采样方案,以便为该虫管理决策提供科学依据。于2020年7月和9月分别在立架栽培的丝瓜地和“苦瓜-桂花”系统采用黄板诱捕实蝇类害虫,用非参数两独立样本t测验分析不同生境南亚实蝇雌、雄成虫种群密度的差异显著性,用2个常用的聚集度指标(C和k)和2个回归模型(Taylor幂回归模型和Iwao的m~*-m回归模型)分别分析雌虫、雄虫和“雌虫+雄虫”的空间格局。共诱集实蝇成虫3 542头,“苦瓜-桂花”系统只诱集到南亚实蝇,丝瓜地诱集到4种果实蝇,其中南亚实蝇占97.2%,为优势种。桂花树上的南亚实蝇雌虫种群密度显著高于苦瓜地(Z=-2.932,P=0.003),为后者的1.87倍;丝瓜地样地Ⅱ中的雌虫种群密度显著大于样地Ⅰ(Z=-7.160,P<0.001),为后者的3.13倍。回归分析表明,对雌虫,Taylor的b和Iwao的β与1无显著差异(t_c...     

Biological Control of Sclerotinia Diseases of Rapeseed by Aerial Applications of the Mycoparasite Coniothyrium minitans

Indoor and field experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of applying the mycoparasite Coniothyrium minitans to the aerial parts of rapeseed plants at the flowering stage to control sclerotinia diseases caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Under controlled conditions, a petal inoculation technique was used to determine the effect of conidial suspensions of C. minitans on suppression of sclerotinia leaf blight. Results showed that C. minitans was effective in inhibiting infection initiated by ascospores of S. sclerotiorum on flower petals by restricting mycelial growth of the pathogen. Suppression of lesion development was related to the conidial concentration of C. minitans, with larger lesions at low concentration (5×10³conidia ml⁻¹), but smaller lesions at high concentration (5×10⁴ conidia ml⁻¹ or higher). When C. minitans-treated rapeseed leaves were inoculated with mycelia of S. sclerotiorum, C. minitans failed to prevent infection of leaves, but caused a significant reduction in number of sclerotia produced on the diseased leaves. No significant difference in efficacy was detected between the two isolates of C. minitans, LRC 2137 and Chy-1, on the two rapeseed cultivars, Westar (spring type) and Zhongyou 821 (winter type). Results of field trials showed a significant reduction of stem rot of rapeseed in four (1997, 1999, 2003 and 2004) out of five years by aerial application of C. minitans, compared with controls. No significant difference in suppressive efficacy was observed between the treatments of C. minitans (10⁶ conidia ml⁻¹), C. minitans (10⁶ conidia ml⁻¹) + benomyl (50 μg ml⁻¹) and benomyl (100 μg ml⁻¹) in 2003, and between the treatments of C. minitans (10⁶ conidia ml⁻¹), C. minitans (10⁶ conidia ml⁻¹) + vinclozolin (100 μg ml⁻¹) and vinclozolin (500 μg ml⁻¹) in 2004. Sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum collected from diseased plants in plots treated with C. minitans in 1999, 2000 and 2003, or with C. minitans + benomyl in 2003 were infected by C. minitans at frequencies ranging from 21.3 to 54.5%. This study concludes that aerial spraying of C. minitans is an effective method for controlling sclerotinia diseases of rapeseed.     

甜玉米玉米螟的发生危害与防治措施

研究了吉林省公主岭地区甜玉米上亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis(Guene)的发生危害和防治措施。田间抗螟性人工接虫鉴定结果表明,甜玉米710A和普通玉米自交系丹340的食叶级别为9级,即高感玉米螟,而单交种邢抗5号和邢抗2号的食叶级别为5级,为中抗型。与普通感虫和中等抗虫性玉米品种相比,取食甜玉米的玉米螟幼虫存活率高3～7倍,发育速度更快,提前约4～8天(1～2个龄期),说明甜玉米比普通玉米感虫。甜玉米比普通玉米及早播比晚播田更吸引玉米螟产卵。田间小区试验表明,化学杀虫剂的防治效果比白僵菌和苏云金杆菌的好,以氯菊酯喷雾防治效果最好,虫孔减退率达90％;其次是杀螟灵颗粒剂、Bt喷雾和Bt颗粒剂;而白僵菌的防治效果较差,喷雾防治效果好于颗粒剂。大田防治效果与小区试验基本相同。同时还分析了氯菊酯防治甜玉米玉米螟的防治策略、防治时期、施用次数等。此外,对Bt制剂作为化学杀虫剂的取代品及与其它生物防治方法协调使用的优点与潜力进行了讨论。     

深圳红火蚁蚁巢密度、社会型研究及防治效果评价

本文报道了深圳红火蚁生境类型与蚁巢密度的关系,社会型的鉴别以及应用茚虫威对多后型和单后型、多后型共存地区的防治效果。红火蚁的蚁巢密度（巢/100 m2）与生境类型密切相关,在所调查的5类生境中,待建地的蚁巢密度最高,为3.81巢/100 m2,公路边的次之,为2.95巢/100 m2,城市绿地的最低,为0.63巢/100 m2。应用多元PCR技术对6个行政区社会型进行鉴别的结果表明,福田、龙岗、南山区为多后型与单后型共存,单后型与多后型的比仅为1∶(3~4)。罗湖、宝安、盐田3区全部为多后型;多后型地区的蚁巢密度（2.2巢/100 m2）比单后型地区（1.9巢/100 m2）的为高,但没有显著差异;应用茚虫威进行防治60 d后的调查结果表明,多后型地区的防治效果（97.8%）比单后型地区（96.7%）的要好,但没有显著差异。最后,本文对这些结果产生的原因及应用价值进行了讨论。     

2012年玉米大斑病重发原因和控制对策

玉米大斑病是由真菌引起的世界性玉米病害,常给生产造成严重损失。2012年玉米大斑病在东北、华北地区大流行,本文归纳了玉米大斑病全国发生概况、区域分布和各地病情。总结了2012年玉米大斑病发病时间早,流行速度快,品种间和地区间发病程度差异大等发生特点,分析了适宜天气条件、主栽品种不抗病、栽培管理措施不合理是导致大斑病重发的主要原因。并针对性地提出了重视玉米病害的预测预报、推荐种植抗病品种、加强病害综合防治的对策建议,旨在对今后进一步做好玉米大斑病测报工作,指导玉米病害防治、有效控制其危害、保障玉米生产有所裨益。     

Implications of on-farm research for local knowledge related to fruit flies and the weaver ant Oecophylla longinoda in mango production

We interviewed half of the mango-growers in northern Benin, including 15 farmers involved in a regional fruit fly project, and held focus group discussions with women fruit-pickers. They were asked about pest management and their knowledge of a weaver ant, Oecophylla longinoda. All considered low yields due to fruit flies to be the principal constraint upon mango production, estimating economic losses to be between 20 and 45%. None could recognize damage during the first 2 days after fruit fly egg deposition. On-farm research persuaded farmers to stop using insecticides and it also changed negative perceptions of Oecophylla. Over 80% of the farmers involved in on-farm research, compared to 25% of those not involved, reported Oecophylla to be beneficial. All fruit-pickers knew that ants protected mango from fruit flies, with 60% attributing better mango quality in terms of appearance, shelf-life and sweetness to the presence of Oecophylla. Nevertheless, 40% of the pickers still considered weaver ants a nuisance pest during harvest. Ways of reducing this nuisance need to be developed for Oecophylla to gain wider acceptance by mango-growers.     

保幼激素类似物对红火蚁的作用研究进展

我国发现红火蚁已有4年,但防治技术、产品依然匮乏。为了改善、提高我国红火蚁的防治技术水平,本文就保幼激素类似物(JHA)对红火蚁的作用表现和防治效果进行了总结分析。JHA可以造成蚁后卵巢萎缩、产卵量减少,导致发育畸形和蚁群等级比例失调,如工蚁数量减少、生殖型幼虫比例以及处女蚁后数量增加等,并最终导致整个蚁群死亡。JHA杀虫剂活性高、低残毒、对环境污染小,在田间防治红火蚁效果彻底,并可有效地防止防治区红火蚁种群的再入侵（re invasion）,但JHA毒饵也存在着防治效果缓慢等问题。本文就克服此类问题作了初步的探讨。     

两株木霉共培养发酵提高对小麦苗期茎基腐病的防治效果

 通过平板对峙培养法、孢子萌发法和温室盆栽法筛选高效防治小麦苗期茎基腐病的木霉共培养菌株。从17株供试菌株中,筛选出3株平板抑制率较高的木霉菌株:深绿木霉HB20111、哈茨木霉LTR-2和TW21990,并进行两两组合共培养发酵。孢子萌发试验表明,HB20111+TW21990共培养发酵滤液对假禾谷镰孢孢子萌发抑制率最高,达71.83%,较单菌株HB20111和TW21990分别提高了6.13%和19.53%(P＜0.05)。温室条件下,HB20111+TW21990共培养发酵液500×稀释浸种效果最好,对小麦苗期茎基腐病防治效果和幼苗质量增长率分别达78.81%和130.80%,较单菌株HB20111和TW21990的分别提高了17.88%、30.46%和50.05%、61.22%(P＜0.05);荧光定量检测结果表明,与单菌株相比,HB20111+TW21990共培养发酵显著降低假禾谷镰孢在小麦幼苗根围土、根际土、根系和茎基部中的拷贝数(P＜0.05),且假禾谷镰孢拷贝数与病情指数呈正相关,与幼苗鲜质量呈负相关。本研究发现HB20111+TW21990共培养发酵具有增效作用,对小麦苗期茎基腐病的防治效果显著高于单菌株。     

多年迷向防治对桃园梨小食心虫的控制作用评估

为了科学评估多年迷向防治对桃园梨小食心虫的实际防控效果,并完善优化桃园害虫性信息素科学应用技术,在江苏省无锡市惠山区5个乡镇大面积连片桃园内连续4年使用迷向丝防治梨小食心虫,并实时监测调查,分析各年度桃园内梨小食心虫种群消长动态,抽样法调查统计桃树折梢率。结果显示,多年迷向防治可以有效降低桃园梨小食心虫种群发生数量,各乡镇桃园内虫口基数逐年减少;洛社和钱桥2个乡镇2021年迷向防治处理区梨小食心虫平均迷向率在94.37%以上;2021年阳山镇迷向防治区平均折梢率为1.24%。结果表明大面积且连续使用迷向防治法对桃园梨小食心虫具有很好的防控效果。