Copulas函数在多变量干旱联合分布中的应用

以渭河流域西安站77年的月降水资料为例,采用7种单参数族Copulas函数,建立干旱特征变量之间的联合分布。经拟合优度评价,Plackett Copula函数对干旱历时和干旱烈度、干旱历时和干旱烈度峰值之间拟合程度最好;而Clayton Copula函数对于干旱烈度和烈度峰值拟合程度最好。分别应用这2种Copulas函数对西安站进行干旱特征变量之间的二维条件概率分布及组合重现期计算。结果表明,Copulas函数能较好的描述干旱特征变量间的联合分布;并且具有灵活性和应用范围广等特点,在多变量干旱特征分析中具有广泛的应用前景。     

Genetic characterization of a collection of chayote, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sechium edule</Emphasis> (Jacq.) Swartz,in Costa Rica by using isozyme markers

We established protocols for the analysis of genetic diversity in chayote (Sechium edule) by using isozyme markers, thereby determining the level of genetic diversity present in 42 accessions of chayote from Costa Rica. We obtained clear and reproducible zymograms for eight enzyme staining systems: PGM, 6-PGD, PGI, IDH, MDH, SOD, SKD, and EST, and were able to score 14 putative loci. Eight of the 14 loci examined were polymorphic. We found 35 distinct multilocus genotypes among these accessions. Five of these multilocus genotypes were homozygous for all loci. In addition, our data also revealed that most of the multilocus genotypes (24) were heterozygous for only one of the eight loci, and the rest were heterozygous for two or three loci (9 and 4 accessions, respectively). Seven multilocus genotypes were found in two different accessions. Dice similarity coefficient was used to study the relationship between accessions. This analysis, based on the presence and absence of alleles, revealed that accessions collected in the same location seldom shared the same multilocus genotype. The value of isozyme polymorphisms as tools to continue studies on the characterization of chayote is discussed.     

Characterization of humus-protease complexes extracted from soil

Pyrophosphate (140 mM, pH 7.1) extracts of two arable soils and one pasture soil were ultrafiltrated separating the extracted material into three fractions: A_I with nominal molecular weight (nmw) > 100 kD, A_II with nmw between 10 kD and 100 kD and R with nmw < 10 kD. Protease activity was determined in the fractions by using three different substrates: N-benzoyl-l-argininamide (BAA), specific for trypsin; N-benzyloxy-carbonyl-l-phenylalanyl l-leucine (ZPL), specific for carboxypeptidases; and casein, essentially a non-specific substrate. The derivative fractions were also analysed for their amino acid N and humic (HA) and fulvic (FA) acid contents. The organic matter of extracts and derivative fractions obtained from the pasture soil was analysed by isoelectric focusing (IEF) and that of fractions analysed by pyrolysis gas chromatography (Py-GC). Activities of the extract were monitored for their thermal stability and those of the extract and derivative fractions for their optimal pH.Due to the mechanical disintegrating action of sodium pyrophosphate over the humic substances during the fractionation process the amount of total organic C and FA in the fractions was ranked as R > A_II > A_I. The lowest amino acid N/organic C was found in the R fraction, whereas A_II fraction was rich in humic acids, carbohydrates and amino acid N and A_I fraction showed the lowest carbohydrate content. At least 70% of the total BAA- and ZPL-hydrolysing activity was associated to particles with nmw higher than 10 kD and at least 30% of these activities were present in particles with nmw higher 100 kD. Casein-hydrolysing activity was quite evenly distributed among the three fractions (A_I, A_II and R). The extracted protease-organic complexes were resistant to thermal denaturation and some of them showed optimal activity at pH values higher than 10 as a result of the polyanionic characteristics of the humic material surrounding enzyme molecules and of the presence of alkaline protease. Comparison of data obtained in Py-GC analyses and in protease activity suggests that BAA-hydrolysing activity was associated to a highly condensed humic matter and ZPL-hydrolysing activity to less resistant humic substances, while at least some of the extracted casein-hydrolysing activity was present as glyco-proteins not associated to humus. BAA-hydrolysing activity was probably inhibited by fresh organic matter of carbohydrate origin whereas lignin derived organic matter probably inhibited ZPL- and casein-hydrolysing activity.     

安徽省猪伪狂犬病毒的分离鉴定及其主要毒力基因分子特征

猪伪狂犬病是由猪伪狂犬病毒(porcine pseudorabies virus,PRV)引起的一种急性、热性传染病。自2011年底以来,PRV发生了变异,传统的PRV弱毒疫苗已不能对PRV变异株提供完全保护,这给我国PR防控带来了巨大挑战。为了解安徽省PRV流行特征及其主要毒力基因遗传变异情况。利用PCR技术、细胞接种试验、电子显微镜观察、间接免疫荧光试验及兔体接种试验等方法,对安徽省临诊病例中疑似PRV感染的病猪进行病原检测及PRV分离鉴定,并通过设计6对特异性引物对PRV分离株主要毒力基因(gE、gI、TK、gB、gC、gD)进行克隆及测序分析。2016—2018年安徽省临诊病例中共分离鉴定15株PRV;PRV分离株主要毒力基因序列均与2011年后国内PRV变异株同源性较高;与2011年前国内PRV经典株序列比对,PRV分离株gE、gB、gC及gD基因存在多个位点的一致性替换、插入或缺失,且gE、gC基因多位点突变位于其重要的抗原表位区。本研究分离的15株PRV均为变异株,变异株已成为安徽省主要的流行毒株。15株PRV分离株的gI、TK基因序列较为保守,而gE、gC蛋白抗原表位区域氨基酸的突变可能导致其毒力及抗原性发生改变。部分PRV分离株与邻近地区PRV序列同源性均为100%,可能与频繁跨省调运生猪、跨区引种等原因有关。     

老化秸秆生物炭对诺氟沙星吸附特性的研究

为研究老化秸秆生物炭的性质及对水中诺氟沙星的吸附特性,本研究将新鲜生物炭进行自然老化、冻融循环老化和高温老化,通过元素分析、扫描电镜和红外光谱分析老化前后生物炭的组成和结构特性变化,研究老化生物炭对诺氟沙星的吸附机理以及pH、离子类型和离子浓度对吸附效果的影响。结果表明：不同老化方式均使生物炭的C元素含量降低,O元素含量显著增加,极性增加,芳香性降低,其中高温老化影响最大。高温老化使生物炭表面的—OH和C=C明显减少,冻融循环老化使—OH数量增加,自然老化对生物炭表面官能团影响较小。老化使生物炭表面破损、孔道塌陷,生物炭上的吸附点位被阻塞,不利于对诺氟沙星的吸附。老化前后生物炭对诺氟沙星的吸附更符合准二级动力学模型,等温吸附拟合发现,Langmuir模型能更好地拟合诺氟沙星在生物炭上的吸附过程。自然老化、冻融循环老化和高温老化分别使生物炭的吸附量降低了5.50%、7.70%、14.80%;在背景液pH 3.0~11.0范围内,老化前后生物炭对诺氟沙星的吸附量随pH增大先升高再降低,当pH为7.0时,吸附量达到最大值。阳离子价态越高,离子浓度越大,老化后生物炭对诺氟沙星的吸附量越小。研究表明,老化对生物炭的理化性质和吸附抗生素的能力均有影响,因此在使用生物炭去除目标污染物时需要考虑环境因素的影响。     

灰树花多糖的分离、纯化与理化性质

灰树花子实体用热水提取，乙醇沉淀，透析冻干得灰树花多糖粗品，再经Sevag法脱蛋白，DEAE－Sephadex A-25柱层析纯化得到4种多糖分别为PGF－1，PGF－2，PGF－3和PGF－4。4种多糖经纸层析，Sephadex G-200柱层析及聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析。结果表明都为单一均匀组分：PGF－1经纸层及气相色谱分析证实它是一种葡萄糖；凝胶渗透色谱测定其分子量为11万。红外光谱揭示PGF－1含β－型糖苷键。     

植物抗病基因研究进展

对植物抗病基因的抗病反应的分子生物学机理,抗病基因的克隆方法,成功克隆的基因、抗病基因产物的结构特征及植物抗病基因类似序列研究现状进行了综述,并对植物抗病基因工程的研究取得的成绩、存在的问题及展望进行了简介。     

南方古树腐朽菌的鉴别及治理

文章描述了中国南方15种古树腐朽菌子实体的形态特征,为园林工作者对病原菌的鉴定和防治提供参考.     

Combined mutations in five wheat STARCH BRANCHING ENZYME II genes improve resistant starch but affect grain yield and bread-making quality

Increases in the proportion of amylose in the starch of wheat grains result in higher levels of resistant starch, a fermentable dietary fiber associated with human health benefits. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of combined mutations in five STARCH BRANCHING ENZYME II (SBEII) genes on starch composition, grain yield and bread-making quality in two hexaploid wheat varieties. Significantly higher amylose (∼60%) and resistant starch content (10-fold) was detected in the SBEII mutants than in the wild-type controls. Mutant lines showed a significant decrease in total starch (6%), kernel weight (3%) and total grain yield (6%). Effects of the mutations in bread-making quality included increases in grain hardness, starch damage, water absorption and flour protein content; and reductions in flour extraction, farinograph development and stability times, starch viscosity, and loaf volume. Several traits showed significant interactions between genotypes, varieties, and environments, suggesting that some of the negative impacts of the combined SBEII mutations can be ameliorated by adequate selection of genetic background and growing location. The deployment of wheat varieties with increased resistant starch will likely require economic incentives to compensate growers and millers for the significant reductions detected in grain and flour yields.     

生物炭吸附水体中重金属机理与工艺研究进展

生物炭因其良好的表面特性和孔隙结构,广泛的原料来源和广阔的产业化发展前景,已成为当今环境、农业和能源等领域的研究热点。针对生物炭对水体重金属的吸附研究,本文基于生物炭原料和制备工艺的多样性,综合分析了国内外生物炭重金属吸附机理的研究成果,详细阐述、分析了5种吸附作用机制(物理吸附、静电作用、离子交换、络合反应和化学沉淀)及其相关表征手段;同时评述了吸附工艺条件和重金属种类对生物炭吸附重金属的影响;指出生物炭重金属吸附领域未来的研究中,应开展针对重金属吸附的生物炭原料特性及吸附产物的多维、微纳尺度表征方法研究。