公元1400年以来陇中地区干旱灾害特征

通过对历史文献资料的整理与统计分析,对甘肃陇中公元1400-1999年干旱灾害的等级序列特征、年代际变化、季节变化、空间变化及气候背景进行研究.结果表明:陇中公元1400-1999年共发生旱灾280次,平均每2.14年发生1次.干旱灾害以中度旱灾为主,占旱灾总次数的45.4%,其次是大旱灾,占旱灾总次数的32.1%,特...     

GIS辅助下的图斑地类识别方法研究——以土地利用动态监测为例

针对土地利用动态监测存在的问题，探索了充分利用了GIS中地块边界的信息，提取出标准地类地块边界的灰度特征，纹理特征和形态特征，提出基于这些特征建立相应的决策树和判决规则，对于任一待测地块可利用提取的特征信息通过距离判别法判断其所属地类，这种GIS辅助下的图斑地类新识别方法的准确率较高，也是将有感影像与地理信息结合起来的一种有效的手段。     

陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区川旱地不同耕作法的土壤水分效应

利用一元四次方程模型很好模拟川旱地小不同耕作法的土壤水分动态及耗水量动态规律，根据回归曲线将土壤水分动态分为四个阶段，不同耕作法在不同阶段失墒量显然不同。小麦在整个生育期土壤失墒量趋势为：垄沟＋覆盖＞平播＋垄沟。同时认为，小麦生育前期耗水量对产量贡献甚微，生育后期耗水量对产量贡献较大，垄沟耕作在小麦生育前期比平播的水分损耗要多，垄沟的增产作用主要表现在生长后期，为了避免生长前期失墒量及耗水量较大，     

麦套春棉共生期间土壤温度的动态变化

严格用气象部门的观测方法，观测麦套春棉共生期间土壤温度的动态变化。结果表明：麦棉共生期由于小麦遮荫，使套种棉行的土壤温度低于纯作春棉，造成麦套春棉苗弱晚发。适当增大麦棉间距，选用株高较矮的小麦品种，可减少小麦对棉苗的遮荫，提高麦套春棉行间的土壤温度。     

西藏自治区那曲县草地退化的动态变化分析

以1994年和2001年的TM图像作为原始数据，在GIS技术支持下，对西藏自治区那曲县的草地资源利用和草地退化的现状进行了分析，并在此基础上探讨了草地退化强度变化和草地型动态演替的规律。研究结果表明：那曲县草地资源处于低效利用状态，草地退化现象明显；草地退化强度呈现出从无明显、轻度退化向中、重度退化演替的趋势，主要体现为无明显、轻度退化草地面积比重下降，中、重度退化草地面积比重上升；草地型呈现出从高质量型向低质量型演替的趋势，主要体现为藏北嵩草草地型——高山嵩草草地型、高山嵩草草地型——紫花针茅草地型、藏北嵩草草地型——紫花针茅草地型的转移。     

1985－2010年西藏粮食产量对气候和耕地变化的响应

西藏宜耕土地面积少,粮食产量低而不稳定,且对气候变化敏感,已成为影响社会经济发展的重要因素。为进一步揭示粮食产量的变化及其影响因素,该研究利用1985－2010年西藏粮食产量、38个气象站资料和4期遥感数据,采用Thornth waite模型和指数曲线法计算作物气候生产潜力、分离作物趋势产量和气候产量,采用气候倾向率和累积距平法分析气候变化趋势,通过人工目视解译和土地变化率分析耕地的变化,运用灰色关联分析方法探讨粮食产量与气候变化和耕地面积变化的关系。结果表明：1）1985－2010年,西藏粮食总产量、气候生产潜力和单位面积粮食产量分别为77.83×107 kg、7419.58 kg/(hm2·a)、1948.93 kg/hm2,均呈波动上升趋势,粮食生产潜力实现率平均为25.86%,且呈逐渐上升趋势,粮食产量正在向气候生产潜力靠近且仍有较大的提升空间;2）气候产量占粮食单产的比值在-10.74%～8.03%波动,变化幅度呈减小趋势,粮食生产受气候的影响程度不断下降;3）西藏≥0℃积温、生长季平均气温、降水量分别为2 224.53 ℃ 、11.41 ℃、387.48 mm,均表现为增加趋势,生长季日照时数平均为1095.45 h,呈减少趋势,各气候要素变化的转折年份出现在1994年;4）西藏粮食总产量、粮食单产、气候产量与耕地面积、≥0℃积温和生长季降水量的关联度均介于0.633～1.321之间,与生长季平均气温、日照时数的关联度介于0.595～0.641之间。耕地面积、≥0℃积温和生长季降水量是影响粮食产量的最主要因素。该研究可为识别粮食产量及其影响因素的变化规律,进一步提高粮食产量,保障西藏社会经济可持续发展提供参考。     

川南丘陵区近30 a来土壤养分时空变化

[目的]通过研究川南丘陵地区区域尺度上土壤养分的空间分异特征和时间变化特点,为该区域的土壤质量管理和农业可持续发展服务。[方法]基于GIS技术和地统计学方法,分析1982—2011年川南丘陵地区宜宾市南溪区长兴镇耕地土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾的时空变化情况。[结果](1)研究区5种土壤指标中,有效磷的变异系数最高,其余指标变异系数在22.18%~37.03%,属中等程度变异。(2)结构分析表明,1982年时土壤养分的块基比为25%~75%,属中等变异,结构因素和人为因素对其都有影响;到了2011年,各指标空间自相关性变弱,人为因素占主导作用。(3)克里格插值显示,研究区近1/2区域土壤氮素偏高,全氮和碱解氮含量在高等级及以上面积分别占39.26%和47.94%;磷素虽略有上升,但有52.68%的区域有效磷含量在5mg/kg以下,属严重缺磷;钾素含量在中上等级区域面积减少,大部分在中下水平,甚至出现了极低水平。[结论]经过近30a土地利用后,整体上研究区土壤养分北高南低,且呈重氮,轻磷,忽钾的态势,研究区以南要注意控制氮肥的输入,补充磷、钾肥。     

Variable use of plant- and soil-derived carbon by microorganisms in agricultural soils

In this study we used compound specific ¹³C and ¹⁴C isotopic signatures to determine the degree to which recent plant material and older soil organic matter (SOM) served as carbon substrates for microorganisms in soils. We determined the degree to which plant-derived carbon was used as a substrate by comparison of the ¹³C content of microbial phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) from soils of two sites that had undergone a vegetation change from C3 to C4 plants in the past 20-30 years. The importance of much older SOM as a substrate was determined by comparison of the radiocarbon content of PLFA from soils of two sites that had different ¹⁴C concentrations of SOM.The ¹³C shift in PLFA from the two sites that had experienced different vegetation history indicated that 40-90% of the PLFA carbon had been fixed since the vegetation change took place. Thus PLFA were more enriched in ¹³C from the new C4 vegetation than it was observed for bulk SOM indicating recent plant material as preferentially used substrate for soil microorganisms. The largest ¹³C shift of PLFA was observed in the soil that had high ¹⁴C concentrations of bulk SOM. These results reinforce that organic carbon in this soil for the most part cycles rapidly. The degree to which SOM is incorporated into microbial PLFA was determined by the difference in ¹⁴C concentration of PLFA derived from two soils one with high ¹⁴C concentrations of bulk SOM and one with low. These results showed that 0-40% of SOM carbon is used as substrate for soil microorganisms. Furthermore a different substrate usage was identified for different microorganisms. Gram-negative bacteria were found to prefer recent plant material as microbial carbon source while Gram-positive bacteria use substantial amounts of SOM carbon. This was indicated by ¹³C as well as ¹⁴C signatures of their PLFA. Our results find evidence to support ‘priming’ in that PLFA indicative of Gram-negative bacteria associated with roots contain both plant- and SOM-derived C. Most interestingly, we find PLFA indicative of archeobacteria (methanothrophs) that may indicate the use of other carbon sources than plant material and SOM to a substantial amount suggesting that inert or slow carbon pools are not essential to explain carbon dynamics in soil.     

Synthesis: Thresholds in conservation and management

This paper is a brief overview of some of the key issues which have emerged from the preceding set of papers on ecological thresholds. These include:

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Whether threshold relationships are common and widespread.

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The potential for large variations in the use and application of the threshold concept to lead to adverse conservation outcomes, particularly when overly simplistic levels of vegetation cover are specified by policy makers and land managers.

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The inherent multi-variate nature of landscape processes and responses of individual species and assemblages that creates variability in datasets. This may lead to a limited ability to make accurate predictions from threshold relationships, even when those relationships are highly statistically significant.

We believe that although the threshold concept is an appealing one and there is some empirical evidence to support it in some landscapes, it is not free of problems and a concerted research effort on the topic is needed. This is particularly important if it is to have value for robustly underpinning applied landscape management practices without unintentionally having negative impacts on rates of species loss or the loss of particular species.     

Influences of alpine ecosystem responses to climatic change on soil properties on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, China

Alpine ecosystems are quite sensitive to global climatic changes. Drawing from two sets of remote sensing data (1986 and 2000) and field investigations, the ecological index method was used to document ecosystem changes in the Yangtze and Yellow River source regions of central Qinghai–Tibet. Although crucial to understanding alpine ecosystem responses to global climatic changes, and in assessing the potential for their rehabilitation, the impact of such changes on alpine soil characteristics, including structure, composition, water retention, as well as chemical and nutrient contents, is poorly understood. Over a 15-year period (1986–2000), climatic changes led to considerable degradation of alpine meadows and steppes. In the meadows, the surface layers of the soil became coarser, bulk density, porosity and saturated hydraulic conductivity rose, while water-holding capacity decreased. In comparison, steppe soils showed little changes in soil physical properties. Degradation of alpine ecosystems led to large losses in soil available Fe, Mn and Zn. Important losses in soil organic matter (SOM) and total nitrogen (TN) occurred in badly degraded ecosystems. Climate warming in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, caused by the impact of greenhouse gas, has resulted in changes of cold alpine ecosystem such as the significant alteration of the soil C and N cycles.