Adsorption von Pflanzenschutzmitteln und DOC an Saugkerzen aus Glas und Keramik

Sorption of pesticides and DOC on glass and ceramic suction cups Suction cups are widely used for the sampling of soil solution. Due to sorption and desorption processes the concentration of dissolved substances in the samples may vary considerably depending on the material of the suction cups. In order to minimize these losses, a new glass suction cup was developed. In laboratory studies, aqueous solutions of pesticides and DOC were percolated through both types of suction cups; the concentration of pesticides and DOC in the percolates was examined. The pesticides pendimethaline, terbuthylazine, metolachlor and chlortoluron were tested at concentrations of 2, 20, and 200 μg 1⁻¹. The average losses due to sorption by the suction cups were 10% (1.1—31%) for the ceramic cups and 3.1% (0—11%) for the glass cups. Sorption effects increased with increasing hydrophobicity of the pesticides and decreasing pesticide concentrations. Thus, at a concentration of 2 μg 1⁻¹ ceramic cups sorbed 31% of pendimethaline compared with 7.7% in the case of glass cups. Corresponding tests with soilborne DOC solutions yielded comparable results. Ceramic suction cups adsorbed up to 50% of the DOC input concentration, while glass cups retarded 2.4% on average. These results are especially noteworthy because soilborne dissolved organic substances are effective sorbents and carriers for pesticides. The new type of glass suction cups may help to improve the results of pesticide field studies and, in consequence, the assessment and prediction of the leaching behavior of pesticides.     

生物质结构SiC陶瓷材料的研究现状及发展趋势

生物质结构SiC陶瓷,作为一种新型环境材料,以其高硬度、高热稳定性、耐腐蚀、耐氧化和化学惰性等优异特性,得到了越来越广泛的应用研究.笔者简要阐述了生物质结构SiC陶瓷材料的制备方法和原理,并介绍了国内外利用生物质材料制造SiC陶瓷的研究现状,现存问题及该领域的发展趋势.     

Development of ceramic settlement devices for coral reef restoration using <Emphasis Type="Italic">in situ</Emphasis> sexual reproduction of corals

A ceramic coral settlement device (CSD) was developed to raise juvenile corals in situ in preparation for transplantation. The CSD is designed to be deployed in the water before mass spawning of corals, allowing larvae to settle and grow on the CSD before it is fixed to the reef structure. CSDs were aggregated and fixed on 0.2-m² frames (either 648 or 720 CSDs per frame) and deployed in the Sekisei Lagoon around the full moons of April and May in 2002. Seven frames were collected in August 2002 and settled corals were counted in the laboratory. The maximum number of coral colonies settled on CSDs in one frame was 617, with 94% belonging to the genus Acropora. The aggregated CSDs successfully functioned as a coral settlement substratum, with more appropriate arrangement of CSDs on the frame, enabling greater exposure to sunlight and currents, which is expected to increase the amount of settlement.     

微孔陶瓷灌水器流量影响因素研究

制备了3种孔径相同但开口孔隙率不同的粘土基微孔陶瓷,将3种微孔陶瓷加工成圆片并分别组装成灌水器,以灌水器的水力性能研究为基础,详细讨论了灌溉系统的水头以及微孔陶瓷片厚度和开口孔隙率对灌水器流量的影响。结果表明,微孔陶瓷灌水器的流量与灌溉系统的水头呈正比;微孔陶瓷片的厚度和开口孔隙率对灌水器的流量均有影响,其中开口孔隙率的影响最大,厚度的影响次之;由于微孔陶瓷的渗透系数与开口孔隙率满足幂函数关系,故随着微孔陶瓷开口孔隙率的增大,灌水器的流量呈幂函数快速增大;随着微孔陶瓷片厚度的增加,灌水器的流量缓慢降低。     

蜂窝陶瓷蓄热体的温度场研究

基于煤矿乏风热逆流氧化试验,建立该试验装置的关键部件—蜂窝陶瓷蓄热体的传热模型,对工作状态下陶瓷蓄热体的温度场进行了仿真,分析了蓄热体的孔隙率、孔型和操作参数对蓄热体温度的影响规律。结果表明:随着孔隙率的增大,蓄热体蓄热时间变短,蓄热速率增大;在材质和孔隙率一定的情况下,六方孔型蓄热体蓄热速率要大于四方孔型蓄热体;随着气体入口流速的增加,蓄热体的蓄热速率增大,蓄热时间降低。     

刚性陶瓷瓦热防护系统概率设计分析方法

针对高超声速飞行器中广泛应用的陶瓷瓦热防护系统,结合有限元法和蒙特卡洛模拟建立了其概率热分析系统,提出了刚性陶瓷瓦热防护系统尺寸概率设计方法。建立了刚性陶瓷瓦热防护系统的二维有限元模型,考虑了热传导系数、比热容和表面辐射率等材料属性参数以及热防护系统各层厚度的不确定性,得到系统温度场的概率分布特性和系统热防护性能对各参数的灵敏度,并对系统的热可靠性进行了评估。算例表明：文中提出的方法对热防护系统设计过程中合理确定陶瓷瓦厚度和在保证系统性能的前提下有效减轻重量具有指导价值。     

微孔陶瓷渗灌与地下滴灌土壤水分运移特性对比

以微孔陶瓷灌水器为研究对象,在0 m工作水头下进行土壤水分运移特性试验,并以10 m额定工作水头下工作的地下滴灌灌水器作为对照。通过对比分析2种灌溉方式下累计入渗量、流量、湿润体特征和土壤含水率变化,结果表明:相同灌溉时间下微孔陶瓷渗灌的累计入渗量、湿润锋运移距离、湿润体截面面积均明显小于地下滴灌。微孔陶瓷渗灌的流量随时间逐渐减小,直至接近于零;试验后期,微孔陶瓷渗灌湿润体内整体土壤含水率变化较小;由于微孔陶瓷渗灌为无压连续灌溉,因此在其工作过程中可为作物提供一个恒定的水分环境。而地下滴灌的流量则会维持稳定,使得土壤含水率一直增大,停止灌溉后由于土壤水分再分布而减小。地下滴灌为被动恒压灌溉,因此其灌溉条件下作物生长的水分环境处于干湿交替的循环变化状态。     

The Technique of Producing the Tiny Ceramic Powders by Ultrasonic Atomizer

A kind of ultrasonic atomizer equipments to produce tiny ceramic powders are developed and the optimal technical parameters of the equipment are cetermined,and the characteristics of tiny ceramic powders are also evaluated.     

拖拉机涡轮增压器中混合陶瓷球轴承无损检测设计

依据多频涡流检测原理,提出了一种新的基于调频涡流的混合陶瓷球轴承无损检测方法。该方法采用单个检测通道和三角波调制信号,可以实现不同深度缺陷的检测和得到幅值线性变化的调制信号,使用自比式探头作为传感器,有效地抑制了温度漂移和探头振动产生的误差,提高了检测的效率和精度。建立了拖拉机涡轮增压器中混合陶瓷球轴承涡流无损检测仿真模型,并利用有限元软件对不同缺陷尺寸的拖拉机涡轮增压器中混合陶瓷球轴承进行了缺陷尺寸识别的仿真模拟计算,搭建了多频涡流无损检测系统实验平台,将实验测得的缺陷尺寸结果和仿真模拟计算进行了对比,验证了仿真和实验结果的一致性,进而说明了多频涡流检测在拖拉机涡轮增压器中混合陶瓷球轴承实际生产中应用的可行性。     

压电陶瓷在汽车领域中的应用研究

综述了当前压电陶瓷在汽车的传感、驱动、隔振降噪等领域中的应用,并利用压电陶瓷发电特性,将轮胎行进中的挤压作用作为压电发电的动力来源,设计了一种能用于汽车轮胎压力监测系统(TPMS)的压电发电装置。这种压电发电装置所获得的能量完全能满足TPMS的无源化要求。