辽宁省第一次全国水利普查培训工作实践与探索

结合辽宁省开展第一次全国水利普查培训工作,从制定培训计划、培训工作组织实施、严控培训质量、落实普查经费等方面全面介绍了辽宁省水利普查培训工作的实践与探索。总结了辽宁省水利普查培训工作的体会与不足,并对未来水利行业培训工作提出了建议。     

古籍普查工作刍议

为配合全国古籍普查工作,阐述了古籍普查的意义,分析了古籍普查面临的困难和问题,并提出解决问题的相关意见和建议,以使古籍普查工作更顺利地进行,从而更好地保护、开发和利用古籍资源。     

浙江省香榧病虫害及害虫天敌种类调查

文章系浙江省近年来香榧病虫害和害虫天敌的调研总结。重点对省内主要香榧生产县(市)进行调查。共收录害虫57种,分别隶属8目28科,病害5种,以及害虫天敌16种,分别隶属7目11科。收集浸渍幼虫标本50余号,针插标本2200余号,其中包括了大多数的主要害虫。并且对绝大部分的标本在收集的第一现场进行了摄影记录。     

论户籍制度对农民基本权利的影响

存续了近50年的户籍制度及相关法律对中国社会产生了深刻的影响,尤其是对农民的基本权利:选举权和被选举权、居住和迁徙的自由、财产权、受教育的权利等产生了巨大影响,导致了严重的不公平。应逐步剥离户籍制度所附带的利益,完善相关法律和政策,对户籍制度进行彻底的改革。     

Rapid assessment of orangutan density

In order to design effective conservation measures for the orangutan, accurate information on their distribution and densities are needed. Nest counts along line transects allow for fairly accurate assessment of orangutan density. However, large sample sizes are needed to obtain accurate estimations of the decay rate of nests, preventing a rapid estimate. Moreover, due to the structure of tropical forests, nest numbers above and near the trail are underestimated. In this study, a rapid assessment method for the estimation of orangutan density is developed, allowing for the estimation of density with a single survey. Procedures are provided for estimating a correction factor which adjusts for underestimating nest numbers near the transect trail. Furthermore, we provide a shortcut to rapidly assess nest decay rate without the need for consecutive surveys. Finally, recommendations are made for determining orangutan density using two different techniques. These techniques incorporate correction factors and a shortcut to accurately assess orangutan density with only one or two visits to an area.     

辽宁省水利普查数据质量控制探讨

普查数据质量控制是水利普查工作的生命,也是普查成败的关键所在。介绍质量控制的总体要求、控制措施和验收方法,以确保普查数据的真实准确。     

Rapid decline of the volcanically threatened Montserrat oriole

Prior to 1995, the Montserrat oriole (Icterus oberi) was confined to ca. 30 km² of hill forest on the Lesser Antillean island of Montserrat, but was not listed as globally threatened. Since then, the eruption of the Soufriere Hills volcano has destroyed more than half of the species’ range. Recent intensive monitoring has indicated that the species has also declined dramatically within the remaining intact forest, and is now critically threatened. Different monitoring and analytical methods indicate a decline of 8-52% p.a., and a remaining global population of ca. 100-400 pairs. This case study justifies the use of the restricted range criterion in designating threatened species. Despite intensive monitoring and the use of several analytical methods, it has proved surprisingly difficult to estimate the magnitude of the oriole’s decrease, or to control for potential artefacts in the census method. We discuss the reasons for this. The cause(s) of population decline in the intact forest are unclear, though two hypotheses appear plausible: a decrease in arthropod food, a result of volcanic ash fall, and an increase in nest predation as a result of increases in populations of opportunistic omnivores.     

Validating census methods to measure changes in house mouse populations

BACKGROUND: Tracking and census baiting are two techniques that are commonly advocated for monitoring the size of mouse populations. However, currently these techniques are only able to provide an index of population size, rather than an assessment of absolute numbers. In this study the authors tested the reliability of both tracking (footprints left on tiles of fixed size) and census baiting as indices of population size, and sought to calibrate levels of activity and bait consumption under both semi‐natural and field conditions (inside farm buildings). RESULTS: Under semi‐natural conditions, census baiting produced more satisfactory population estimates than those derived from tracking activity. An initial field trial established that the optimum bait point density for this technique was 1 point per 2 m. Subsequent field trials demonstrated that the bait census technique offers a way to estimate the approximate size of stable populations of mice (population size = (mean daily bait consumption ‐ 36.3)/2.46). CONCLUSION: The results to date are sufficiently encouraging to support the use of this cost‐effective approach to monitoring mouse numbers in the type of habitats investigated in this study. © Crown copyright 2008. Reproduced with the permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

人口数据空间化方法研究

人口数据空间化已经成为当今社会学、人口学、地理学等学科研究的热点问题。实现人口数据空间化并探究人口数据中所隐含的空间信息,不仅可以从侧面反映出一个地区的社会发展程度,同时也为实现该地区人口、经济、环境的协调发展提供建议。综合国内外关于实现人口数据空间化的研究现状发现,实现人口数据空间化的方法主要集中在以下2个方面:1利用影响人口分布的地理、环境等因子构建影响因子与人口数值之间的数学回归模型,拟合不同时间点、不同地域内人口分布变化情况;2应用不同的人口数据空间分析模型,探讨和研究人口在不同地域、不同时间段内的分布变化情况。     

Potential of Internet street-view images for measuring tree sizes in roadside forests

Tree size censusing is essential for evaluations of trees and forests, but traditional field surveys are both time- and labor-intensive. Here, we discuss the use of panoramic 360-degree street views available on the Internet for censusing of roadside trees in urban regions. Use of scale-independent, fixed-sized street objects as recalibrating meters in tandem with imagery software enabled street-view images to be used effectively in the remote measurement of diameter at breast height (DBH), tree height, underbranch height, and canopy projection size. Comparison of four independent meters determined that stem limewhite-related meters (used for tree disease and bark-freeze injury control; usually 1.3 in height throughout China) had greater precision than road curb height, lane width, and traffic line width meters. The limewhite meter’s precision was slightly lower than those of the meters in combination (i.e., when at least three of the abovementioned meters were used for the same tree measurement), but no statistically significant differences were detected between the limewhite and combined meters (p > 0.05). In contrast, the road curb height, traffic line width, and lane width meters all had significantly lower precision. The highest levels of precision were 92%, 87%, and 80% for DBH, height (tree height and underbranch height), and tree canopy size measurements, respectively. Empirical recalibration of the image-based measurements did not improve data precision with reference to field surveys (p > 0.05). Moreover, similar results were obtained regardless of individual users, and repeatability for DBH measurements (r² > 0.92), and maximum differences among individual users were 0.6–1.9 cm for DBH (averaged at 22 cm) and 8–50 cm for underbranch height (mean value at 8 m). Labor costs and time needed for this approach were one-thirtieth to one-tenth those required for field surveys. Thus, the use of street-view images represents a more resourceful approach to assess forest ecological services.