过氧化物预硫化天然胶乳制备的医用天然胶乳制品热氧降解及其动力学分析

使用热重分析法（TGA）研究了空气状态下过氧化物预硫化天然胶乳（PPVL）制备的医用胶乳胶管试样的热氧降解反应过程及其反应动力学。TG—DTG曲线显示,试样氧化降解过程为二步反应,DTG曲线相应出现明显主降解峰和次降解峰,它们失重1％时的温度（To）、降解峰温度（Tp）、终止温度（Tf）均随升温速率（β）的增加而向高温方向偏移,降解速率也随之增大。在第1步降解反应前,试样出现明显的氧化增重现象,增重峰的温度随β的增加而升高,而增重率随β的增大而减少：试样β为5℃／min的增重峰温度187．9℃,增重率1．33％。第1步反应的最大热氧降解率（Cp1）、最终热氧降解率（Cf1）,反应活化能（E）随着β的增加而增加;表观活化能Eo=107．5kJ／mol;不同β的降解反应级数（β）均是1．7,不受β的影响。第2步反应的Cp2和Cf基本上不受β的影响;n随β的大小而不同,但二者无相关关系;E随β的增加而增加,Eo=154．0kJ／mol。第1步反应和第2步反应的频率因子（A）均随β的增加而几乎呈几何级数增加。第1步反应最大相关系数r均在0．999以上,第2步反应的r均在0．982以上。各升温速率试样在600℃降解率为99．2％-99．5％不等。     

Aerobic soil metabolism of metsulfuron-methyl

A laboratory study was conducted to determine the degradation rates and identify major metabolites of the herbicide metsulfuron-methyl in sterile and non-sterile aerobic soils in the dark at 20°C. Both [phenyl-U-¹⁴C]- and [triazine-2-¹⁴C]metsulfuron-methyl were used. The soil was treated with [¹⁴C]metsulfuron-methyl (0.1 mg kg⁻¹) and incubated in flow-through systems for one year. The degradation rate constants, DT₅₀, and DT₉₀ were obtained based on the first-order and biphasic models. The DT₅₀ (time required for 50% of applied chemical to degrade) for metsulfuron-methyl, estimated using a biphasic model, was approximately 10 days (9–11 days, 95% confidence limits) in the non-sterile soil and 20 days (12–32 days, 95% confidence limits) in the sterile soil. One-year cumulative carbon dioxide accounted for approximately 48% and 23% of the applied radioactivity in the [phenyl-U-¹⁴C] and [triazine-2-¹⁴C]metsulfuron-methyl systems, respectively. Seven metabolites were identified by HPLC or LC/MS with synthetic standards. The degradation pathways included O-demethylation, cleavage of the sulfonylurea bridge, and triazine ring opening. The triazine ring-opened products were methyl 2-[[[[[[[(acetylamino)carbohyl]amino]carbonyl]amino] carbonyl]-amino]sulfonyl]benzoate in the sterile soil and methyl 2-[[[[[amino[(aminocarbonyl)imino]methyl] amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]benzoate in the non-sterile soil, indicating that different pathways were operable. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

Investigations on the metabolic fate of prochloraz in soil under field and laboratory conditions

The degradation of prochloraz in different soils was investigated in field and laboratory experiments. In laboratory degradation experiments in the dark, initial prochloraz concentrations decreased to 30–64% within 56 days, depending on temperature and soil pH. In neutral to basic soils, formation of up to 3.7% of the metabolite prochloraz-urea was observed. The rate of mineralization was strongly pH-dependent, not exceeding 3.2% in the acidic and 18.3% in the neutral to basic soils. Amounts of non-extractable residues ranged from 14 to 31%. Under field conditions, prochloraz disappeared much more rapidly with DT₅₀ values of 11–43 days. The metabolites prochloraz-formylurea and prochloraz-urea were found in significant concentrations. Laboratory experiments with fresh and sterilized soils under UV irradiation confirmed the enhancing effect of light on the formation of the primary metabolite, prochloraz-formylurea. The latter is hydrolysed to prochloraz-urea predominantly by microbial degradation. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

Degradation of oxadiazon in Kalyani alluvial soil

Residual fate and behaviour of the herbicide oxadiazon in Kalyani soil, paddy straw and grain were studied under subtropical conditions, in West Bengal following application @ 1 kg and 2 kg ha⁻¹. Dissipation of oxadiazon in soil followed first-order kinetics and DT₅₀ values ranged from 44 to 45 days. Residues at harvest in paddy grains and straw were also studied. Degradation of oxadiazon after 60 days of incubation at 28(± 1) °C in alluvial soil at water holding capacity yielded 10 metabolites of which four were characterised by spectroscopy. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

Land degradation,rainfall variability and food production in the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

The recent agricultural policies in the Sudan have focused on mechanized large-scale, rainfed agricultural ventures achieving increased grain production through expansion of the cultivated area only, not through increased per unit yield. The total harvested area increased steadily from about 4·5 million ha in 1961 to about 14 million ha in 1996, with great year-to-year variations of harvested areas, and therefore total yields, revealing a fragile balance between production and need. Per unit yields of all crops are steadily decreasing, currently reaching rates far below their genetic potential. The work reported here was intended to look into the causes of the fluctuations in yield and to propose some strategic approaches that may offer a path to sustainability of such crop production. Several factors may be contributing to these poor yields. This study shows that loss of soil fertility and rainfall variability are among such factors. Crops yields were negatively correlated at a one per cent level of significance with the cropping season indicating significant decline in soil fertility. Soil fertility management and fertilizers use could therefore be of great importance in formulating proactive strategies to enhance productivity in the rainfed agriculture in the Sudan. Rainfall in different production subregions had different levels of correlation with yields of all crops. Comparison of long-term rainfall in the four subregions of the study area showed that rainfall decline had been in the magnitude of 30–40 per cent. The western parts of the study area (Kordofan and Darfur) experienced extreme rainfall anomalies than the eastern and central parts (Gedaref and Damazin), and had suffered greater periods of desiccation than the eastern and central parts. The decadal rainfall means showed below average rainfall for the last three decades in all subregions; the western parts again showing greatest desiccation. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

挤压膨化后纤维降解对大豆水酶法提油率的影响

在单因素试验和挤压膨化机稳定工作基础上,采用响应曲面设计研究了挤压膨化工艺参数对水酶法提取大豆油脂得率与纤维降解率的影响.利用SAS软件建立了数学模型,并对各因素及交互作用进行了分析.结果表明:当模孔孔径为20 mm、物料含水率为14.5%、螺杆转速为105 r/min、套筒温度为90℃时,总油提取率最优值为93.02%±0.29%.当模孔孔径为18 mm、物料含水率为15%、螺杆转速为100 r/min、套筒温度为95℃时,纤维降解率最优值为40.28%±0.43%.挤压膨化过程中纤维降解程度对总油提取率影响很大.总油提取率并不完全取决于挤压膨化过程中纤维降解程度.     

Degradation of [14C]Terbuthylazine and [14C]Atrazine in Laboratory Soil Microcosms

The degradation and formation of major chlorinated metabolites of terbuthylazine and atrazine in three soils (loamy clay, calcareous clay and high clay) were studied in laboratory experiments using molecules labelled with ¹⁴C on the s-triazine ring. Soil microcosms were treated with the equivalent of 1 kg ha^-1 of herbicide and incubated in the dark for 45 days at 20(±1)°C. The quantity of [¹⁴C]carbon dioxide evolved in the soils treated with atrazine was negligible and could not be attributed to mineralization of the parent molecule. The mineralization of terbuthylazine accounted for 0·9–1·2% of the initial radioactivity. In the soils studied, the extrapolated half-lives varied from 88 to 116 days for terbuthylazine and 66 to 105 days for atrazine, with no significant differences for the three soils and the two molecules. The deethyl metabolites of the two s-triazines and the deisopropyl-atrazine metabolite appeared during the incubation in the three soils. The completely dealkylated metabolite was not detected in any of the soils. After 45 days of incubation, the non-extractable soil residues for the high clay, loamy clay and calcareous clay soils represented for terbuthylazine, 33·5, 38·3 and 43·1% and for atrazine, 19·8, 20·8 and 22·3% of the initial radioactivity. © 1997 SCI.     

Managing water by managing land: Addressing land degradation to improve water productivity and rural livelihoods

The premise of this paper is that the key to effective water resources management is understanding that the water cycle and land management are inextricably linked: that every land use decision is a water use decision. Gains in agricultural water productivity, therefore, will only be obtained alongside improvements in land use management. Expected increases in food demands by 2050 insist that agricultural production - and agricultural water use - must increase. At the same time, competition for water between agricultural and urban sectors will also increase; and the problem is further compounded by land degradation. A global survey suggests that 40% of agricultural land is already degraded to the point that yields are greatly reduced, and a further 9% is degraded to the point that it cannot be reclaimed for productive use by farm level measures. Soil erosion, nutrient depletion and other forms of land degradation reduce water productivity and affect water availability, quality, and storage. Reversing these trends entails tackling the underlying social, economic, political and institutional drivers of unsustainable land use. This paper is based on a review of global experiences, and its recommendations for improving water management by addressing land degradation include focusing on small scale agriculture; investing in rehabilitating degraded land to increase water productivity; and enhancing the multifunctionality of agricultural landscapes. These options can improve water management and water productivity, while also improving the livelihoods of the rural poor.     

水分对尕海湿地退化演替土壤氮矿化的影响

水分是湿地土壤氮矿化过程的主要调控因子,对于湿地土壤中氮素循环过程具有重要作用.以甘南尕海湿地为研究对象,设置4个退化程度(未退化UD、轻度退化LD、中度退化MD和重度退化HD)和4个田间持水量(20％ FC、40％ FC、60％ FC和80％ FC),通过室内49 d的好气培养,测定各处理条件下湿地土壤在0～10 c...     

河流泥沙的环境效应分析

分析了泥沙环境效应的研究状况,讨论了吸附在泥沙上的污染物迁移转化的模式与计算模型,简要说明了利用模型推求污染物质量浓度与吸附污染物量的方法。研究表明,悬移质对重金属的吸附大都可以用Freundlich型或Langmuir型吸附等温式进行较好的拟合;基于泥沙粒径对金属吸附的独立性,可采用等效粒径的等温式进行试验拟合,建立吸附预测模型。通过已有Freundlich模型对贾鲁河水体中总磷的计算,发现随着二站间含沙量的增大,二站总磷含量减小,泥沙吸附磷在总磷中所占的比例增大。