仓式好氧堆肥中影响有机物发酵降解的主要因素

在实验室条件下进行了仓式好氧堆肥实验,研究了城市有机固体废物堆肥物料种类、温度、含水率、固体颗粒粒度、碳氮比等因素对堆肥过程中有机物降解的影响．实验结果表明最佳堆肥实验条件为：温度40～50℃,含水率50％,粒径30mm,C/N质量比30：1．实验结果显示为了保证仓式好氧堆肥反应的顺利进行,上述几个因素应当被严格地控制在适当范围内．另外,通过正交实验对各影响因素进行了比较,发现在研究的4个主要影响因素中含水率的影响作用最大,C／N质量比其次,温度和物料的粒径所起的影响作用最小、     

不同退化程度“黑土滩”高山嵩草克隆生长特性

对不同退化程度“黑土滩”高山蒿草无性系分株构件和克隆生长进行了研究,结果表明,在一定退化程度下随着无性系面积的增大,高山蒿草营养分株、生殖分株数量及生物量均趋于增大,极度退化的草地中无性系变化无此规律。在轻度、中度和重度退化程度下,随着退化程度的增加,高山蒿草无性系营养分株能力加强,生殖分株能力减弱;极度退化的草地已呈现典型的“黑土滩”景观,高山蒿草的克隆生长维持在最低水平。高山蒿草分蘖节直径伴随着退化程度的加大有增加的趋势,分蘖节距离地面的高度变化不明显。     

新型杀螨剂F1050优势降解菌(芽孢杆菌)的筛选及其鉴定

为探明土壤微生物对新农药F1050的降解能力,用平板稀释和富集培养法分离驯化土壤中F1050的优势降解细菌,并用合成培养基进行纯化培养,利用美国Biolog公司的细菌自动鉴定系统,初步筛选出5个菌株:ZJU.01为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis,69％);ZJU.02为巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium,99％);ZJU.03为腊状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus,86％);ZJU.04为腊状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus,92％);ZJU.05为球形芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sphaericus,99％)。F1050添加浓度为50 mg/kg的液体培养和室内土壤模拟降解试验结果表明,ZJU.02、ZJU.04 和ZJU.05三个优势降解菌株对F1050表现出了较强的降解能力,50 mg/kg F1050的降解半衰期为6.41~6.74 d,而对照的灭菌和未灭菌土壤中的半衰期分别达72.20和29.88 d;不同菌株对F1050的降解能力没有显著差异。     

川西北亚高山草地不同退化梯度草地土壤养分变化

通过对轻度退化、中度退化和重度退化3个不同退化程度的亚高山草地土壤的养分成分测定得出,随着草地退化程度的加剧,轻度到重度退化的草地土壤有机质含量分别比对照减少了38.94%,44.58%和48.49%,全氮含量逐渐减少(重牧除外),全磷、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量逐渐上升,但不同营养成分其变化幅度各有所不同,全钾含量基本无变化.试验结果同时显示,所有速效养分要比全价养分的变化幅度大,表层(0～10 cm)土壤养分受退化影响程度要比深层土壤大.     

Characterization of propargyl bromide transformation in soil

Propargyl bromide is being investigated for its potential as a soil fumigant. Characterization of the fate of propargyl bromide in soil is important in determining both efficacy and the threat of environmental contamination. These experiments investigated some of the factors affecting the rate of propargyl bromide degradation in soil and quantified some of the products formed as a result of propargyl bromide degradation in four soils of differing composition and at three initial propargyl bromide concentrations. In all soils at all initial propargyl bromide concentrations, equimolar formation of Br- was observed during propargyl bromide degradation, but little propargyl alcohol (product of hydrolysis) was formed. The apparent first-order degradation coefficient (k) increased with decreasing initial propargyl bromide concentration in all soils, but the mass degraded per unit time increased with increasing propargyl bromide concentration. The rate of propargyl bromide degradation increased with increasing soil organic matter content, and the k value was correlated to the organic carbon content of the soil (correlation coefficient > 0.97 for all concentrations). Repeated application of propargyl bromide did not increase the rate of propargyl bromide degradation in soil. Addition of Br- did not affect the rate of propargyl bromide transformation in soil, so accumulation of Br- in the soil is not expected to impede propargyl bromide degradation.     

Spatial variability in herbicide degradation in the subsurface environment of a groundwater protection zone

The aim of this study was to investigate the spatial variability in degradation and mineralization of atrazine and isoproturon in subsurface samples taken from sandy loam soils overlying gravel terraces which form part of a groundwater protection zone. Percussion drilling was used to obtain samples from 11 boreholes (maximum depth 3 m). Unlabelled atrazine or isoproturon, and ring-14C-labelled atrazine or isoproturon were added to samples, incubated at 25 degrees C for up to 16 weeks, and analyzed for the residual herbicide or [14C]carbon dioxide. All samples showed the potential to degrade these herbicides, although the percentage degradation decreased by a factor of 2-3 from the surface soil to a depth of 3 m. This was associated with a decrease in organic matter content, but there was no change in the potential to mineralize acetate, indicating that specific changes in the catabolic ability of the microbial population occurred with depth. The capacity of samples to mineralize atrazine and isoproturon to carbon dioxide decreased markedly with depth, with no mineralization potential observed at a depth of 80 cm.     

Ultrastructural and cytochemical investigations of pathogen development and host reactions in susceptible and partially-resistant carrot roots infected by Pythium violae, the major causal agent for cavity spot

Two carrot genotypes, cultivar Nanco and line 24, susceptible and partially- resistant respectively to cavity spot, were compared ultrastructurally and cytochemically 24 h, 48 h and 72 h after root inoculation with a virulent Pythium violae isolate. The extent of pathogen ingress and the response of the host differed markedly with the two genotypes. In cv Nanco, growth of fungal hyphae was predominantly intracellular and was accompanied by pronounced damage; by 48 h after inoculation, pericycle and the first cell layers of the phloem parenchyma were invaded, resulting in host wall dissolution and cytoplasm aggregation. The growth of P. violae in line 24 was limited to the pericycle, even up to 72 h after inoculation; fungal colonization was accompanied by retraction of cytoplasm and in the appearance of granular or fibrillar material in the host cell lumen. Some affected host cells were filled with structureless osmophilic material. In cultivar Nanco, invading fungal hyphae were unaffected; by contrast in line 24, the cytoplasm of invading hyphae, particularly those inside the cell host, was disorganised and structureless. Infection and host response in the two cultivars were studied with two specific labels: Aplysia gonad lectin (AGL), a polygalacturonic acid-binding lectin, and an exoglucanase complexed to colloidal gold were used to locate pectin and cellulosic -(1,4)-glucans respectively in infected tissues. The decrease of cytochemical labeling beyong fungal penetration showed clearly hydrolysis of pectin and cellulose in cell walls of the cv Nanco. By contrast, the cell wall of line 24 remained largely intact, although, unlabeled amorphous and electron-dense material was observed inside the wall. Fibrillar or electron dense material commonly observed in infected tissue of line 24 apparently did not contain pectic or cellulosic substances. Moreover, material observed in host cells or fungal hyphae was also free of labeling. The origin and the chemical composition of these compounds as well as their possible role in the defence mechanisms of carrot against P. violae are discussed.     

稻田上覆水中光致活性组分形成过程及其环境效应研究进展

稻田上覆水中富含有机质、亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐等光敏活性物质,在太阳光作用下会产生三重激发态有机质(3CDOM*)、单线态氧(1O2)和羟基自由基(?OH)等活性组分,其对稻田污染物转化和碳氮等元素循环具有重要意义。基于此,综述了稻田上覆水中光致活性组分产生过程和机制,重点介绍了水稻不同生长周期内光活性组分的类型、通量变化趋势;探讨了不同环境因素对自由基产生的影响;阐述了上覆水光致活性组分对稻田中砷和不同有机污染物的非生物转化贡献与机制,并展望了稻田上覆水光化学过程的未来研究方向。     

二噁英微生物降解的研究进展

二口恶英属于全球性污染物,其毒性大、稳定性强,难于代谢降解,微生物降解是清除污染区域二口恶英的主要技术,本文在对降解菌的筛选、目前筛选出的主要菌株、降解机理研究等方面作了简要论述,并提出了今后研究的方向和重点。