德国黄牛改良南阳牛遗传育种研究进展

为了研究德国黄牛改良南阳牛遗传育种研究进展,本文综述了德国黄牛杂交改良南阳牛的历史进程,德国黄牛改良南阳牛杂交后代生产性能研究进展,并提出了德南牛产业化集群开发的合理化建议。     

贵州威宁黄牛线粒体DNA D-loop区全序列分析

为了解贵州威宁黄牛的遗传多样性及遗传背景，我们分析测定了19个个体线粒体DNA D-loop区序列。结果检测到8种单倍型，7种为普通牛血统的单倍型，1种为瘤牛血统的单倍型，表明威宁黄牛同时受普通牛和瘤牛的影响。本研究同时构建了19个威宁黄牛个体的系统发生树，结果发现它们明显分为普通牛血统单倍型组和瘤牛血统单倍型组两组。     

奶牛体外受精相关影响因素分析

[目的]探讨和研究奶牛体外受精（IVF）各技术环节中一些因素,对奶牛IVF整个过程的影响。[方法]研究不同来源的卵母细胞、精液的不同处理方法、不同的培养体系,不同受精时间,受精密度对奶牛IVF的影响。[结果]屠宰场采集的卵母细胞和活体采卵收集的卵母细胞的卵裂率和囊胚发育率差异不显著;对精子分别采用percoll梯度密度离心和上浮法处理,两组的卵裂率囊胚发育率无明显差异,用SOF液和BO液体外培养,两培养体系的卵裂率和囊胚发育率均差异不显著;受精时间为8、10 h及10、12 h的囊胚发育率均差异不显著,但受精8 h的囊胚发育率显著高于受精时间12 h;受精微滴（100μl）中放置成熟的卵母细胞数（20、40个）,两组的卵裂率和囊胚发育率均下降,且差异显著。[结论]随受精时间的延长,卵裂率和囊胚发育率逐渐降低,差异不显著,但受精8 h的囊胚发育率显著高于受精12 h;受精微滴（100μl）中放置20个成熟的卵母细胞,可取得较好的体外受精效果。     

Application of time-resolved fluorometry to immunoassays for bovine reproductive hormones

The principle of time‐resolved fluorometry with lanthanide chelates was established in the 1980s, but in the field of animal sciences it has not been widely applied to immunoassays. However, immunoassays that utilize time‐resolved fluorometry are possible alternatives to radioimmunoassays, since they can attain high sensitivity without safety risks. In this short review, we introduce the development of time‐resolved immunoassays for inhibin A, inhibin B and follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH), and describe their application to the investigation of FSH regulation in male and female cattle. The results obtained using these newly developed immunoassays indicate that inhibin A acts as a feedback regulator for FSH secretion in female cattle, whereas inhibin A, and probably inhibin B, do so in male cattle.     

云南省珍稀畜种资源--独龙牛保护与研究工作现状及对策

独龙牛又叫大额牛，是牛亚科黄牛属中一个独立的牛种，在中国仅分布于云南省独龙江流域，目前总数已达800余头，本文详细调查了独龙牛的外貌特征。生活习性，繁殖性能，产肉性能及肉品质特性及其饲养管理。并对独龙牛资源的保护，开发与利用提出了自己的建议。     

Accuracy of imputation of single nucleotide polymorphism marker genotypes from low‐density panels in Japanese Black cattle

Using target and reference fattened steer populations, the performance of genotype imputation using lower‐density marker panels in Japanese Black cattle was evaluated. Population imputation was performed using BEAGLE software. Genotype information for approximately 40 000 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers by Illumina BovineSNP50 BeadChip was available, and imputation accuracy was assessed based on the average concordance rates of the genotypes, varying equally spaced SNP densities, and the number of individuals in the reference population. Two additional statistics were also calculated as indicators of imputation performance. The concordance rates tended to be lower for SNPs with greater minor allele frequencies, or those located near the ends of the chromosomes. Longer autosomes yielded greater imputation accuracies than shorter ones. When SNPs were selected based on linkage disequilibrium information, relative imputation accuracy was slightly improved. When 3000 and 10 000 equally spaced SNPs were used, the imputation accuracies were greater than 90% and approximately 97%, respectively. These results indicate that combining genotyping using a lower‐density SNP chip with genotype imputation based on a population of individuals genotyped using a higher‐density SNP chip is a cost‐effective and valid approach for genomic prediction.     

In vitro expression and inhibition of procoagulant activity produced by bovine alveolar macrophages and peripheral blood cells

Local and systemic activation of coagulation is frequently associated with bacterial sepsis. The coagulopathy is due, at least in part, to expression of tissue factor (TF) by monocytes and macrophages. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of procoagulant activity by bovine alveolar macrophages, leukocytes and platelets, and to determine the relative potency of three chemical inhibitors of TF expression (pentoxifylline, retinoic acid, and cyclosporin A). Bovine alveolar macrophages were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) derived from Pasteurella haemolytica or recombinant bovine tumour nervous factor (TNF) and dose- and time-dependent effects on TF expression were studied. LPS and TNF induced TF expression in alveolar macrophages and LPS treatment of whole blood induced TF expression in mononuclear cells. Neutrophils and platelets also expressed procoagulant activity, but this activity was not inhibited by anti-bovine TF monoclonal antibody. Pentoxifylline (40 mol/L), retinoic acid (0.01 mmol/L) and cyclosporin A (0.08 mol/L) inhibited TF expression when added concurrently with LPS or TNF, but not when added 4 h after stimulation. TF mRNA was not detected in unstimulated alveolar macrophages by Northern blot analysis. In contrast, exposure to LPS or TNF for 6 h induced marked expression of TF mRNA, which was inhibited by treatment with pentoxifylline, retinoic acid and cyclosporin A. Expression of TNF by alveolar macrophages stimulated with LPS was also inhibited by these compounds. Our results indicate that procoagulant activity expressed by alveolar macrophages and monocytes is associated with expression of TF, whereas procoagulant activity expressed by neutrophils and platelets is not. The concentrations of pentoxifylline and retinoic acid necessary for inhibition of TF expression in vitro may not be achievable in vivo owing to their toxic effects. However, the in vitro concentration of cyclosporin A that inhibited TF expression did not exceed the plasma concentration observed in humans, and therefore may be useful for inhibition of TF expression in vivo.Abbreviations BAL bronchoalveolar lavage - LPS lipopolysaccharide - cDNA cloned deoxyribonucleic acid - cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate - GAPDH glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase - mRNA messenger ribonucleic acid - TF tissue factor - TNF tumour necrosis factor - DPBS Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline     

牛粪和食用菌栽培废料进行平菇栽培试验

以牛粪和食用菌栽培废料为主要栽培原料进行平菇生产试验,以期实现生物资源的循环再利用。结果表明:牛粪搭配食用菌栽培废料进行平菇的栽培试验是可行的,且比较菌丝的长相、出菇的菇形、菇色、出菇时间、菇重、菇产量、出菇率等得出最佳配方为:牛粪52%+废料35%。     

两种生理调节剂对南阳牛增重和饲料利用率的影响

选择400kg左右的南阳牛48头随机等数分为组，在相同基础日粮条件下，试验1组和试验2组的日粮中分别添加5mg/kg克伦特罗和2mg/kgF89，对照组不添加，经过47d的育肥试验，克伦特罗和F89组育肥牛的日增重分为0.98和0.78kg，比对照组相应提高了53.1%和218%；饲料转化效率也提高了，料重比分别比对照组降低52.9%和22.4%。克伦特罗使育肥牛的血清生长激素水平上升，T4水平下降。     

不同配比基质对黄瓜穴盘幼苗生长的影响

以腐熟的玉米秸秆、牛粪、蛭石、草炭为材料,按一定比例制成5种不同配比的复合基质,以黄瓜为试材进行穴盘育苗试验,研究了复合基质的理化性状和对黄瓜育苗的应用效果.结果表明:5种基质理化性质良好,均符合育苗基质要求,但不同基质对黄瓜幼苗的影响存在显著差异,其中以草炭∶玉米秸秆∶牛粪∶蛭石=2∶2∶4∶2配比基质的黄瓜幼苗在生...