宁夏旱作区域塑料拱棚礼品西瓜复种秋(紫)甘蓝高效节水栽培技术

课题组结合"旱作区域设施农业关键技术研究与示范"和"设施园艺高效节水优新技术集成与示范"近4年的试验、研究,总结出适于宁夏旱作区的塑料拱棚礼品西瓜复种秋(紫)甘蓝高效节水栽培技术,并总结归纳该栽培技术,以利于更好的推广和应用。     

靖远县不同前茬复种蔬菜效益对比

在靖远县开展的不同前茬复种蔬菜效益对比试验结果表明,与单种小麦相比,单种针叶豌豆的产量略低,但产值较高、成本投入较低,是比较理想的复种前茬。针叶豌豆茬的蔬菜产量普遍高于小麦茬,其中大白菜增产15.33%,青萝卜增产23.55%,甘蓝增产15.21%。豌豆茬较小麦茬复种大白菜增收54.02%,复种青萝卜增收36.25%,复种甘蓝增收55.19%。豌豆茬复种蔬菜比小麦茬既增产又增收,是最佳模式。     

轮作连作荞麦田主要微生物类群及土壤酶活性变化

为探明荞麦不同连作和轮作模式对土壤环境的影响,在连续4年定位试验基础上,通过平板涂布计数法和比色法,研究隔年作、轮作和连作荞麦生育期间土壤微生物数量、酶活性与土壤肥力的变化。结果表明:土壤微生物总数随着荞麦生育进程的推进而增加,尤其是荞麦连作田土壤微生物——细菌,开花期至灌浆期增长显著,并于灌浆期达到轮作细菌数的4.3倍。土壤酶活性连作总体偏高,脲酶、碱性磷酸酶表现尤为明显,均高于隔年作和轮作,且达到1%极显著水平。连作土壤碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶活性与细菌呈显著正相关;脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性则与土壤微生物数量之间无显著相关关系。由此,荞麦短期连作下表现出的B/F[(细菌+放线菌)/真菌]比值更大,土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶活性更强,说明短期连作较利于荞麦田土壤理化性质的改善。     

不同药剂及剂量对二晚稻纵卷叶螟的防治效果

稻纵卷叶螟是水稻主要虫害,特别是二晚稻因其生育期较长,从秧田到收割都会受到为害,传统的农药防治方式已不能有效防治。为进一步探索不同农药防治二晚稻纵卷叶螟的防效、持效性和安全性,重点对不同剂量的速效性、持效性药剂的防效进行试验对比。结果表明,当遇到暴发性稻纵卷叶螟为害的时候,速效性配以持效性长的药剂一起施用,其防治效果会得到明显增强;在正常年份,建议选用药效持续时间长的有机或高效低毒农药。     

湛江近海虾拖网虾蟹类渔获组成

在2012 年8 月进行的南海北部虾拖网海上调查的基础上,对虾蟹类渔获的种类组成、生物学特征和幼 体比例等进行了分析。结果显示,渔获种类一共71 种,其中虾蟹类15 种,但其产量却占总产量的82.34%;虾类优势 种为日本囊对虾（Marsupenaeus japonicus）、刀额新对虾（Metapenaeus ensis）、近缘新对虾（M. affinis）和周氏新对虾（M. joyneri）;蟹类优势种为红星梭子蟹（Portunus sanguinolentus）、三疣梭子蟹（P. trituberculatus）和远海梭子蟹（P. pelagicus）;刀额新对虾的幼虾比例为73.36%,三疣梭子蟹的幼蟹比例为78.79%。最后,探讨了促进南海虾蟹类资源 合理利用的措施。     

一季中晚稻稻曲病化学防治研究

针对“123种植模式”中一季中晚稻的生育时段主要在5~9月,抽穗扬花期常遇中温、高湿尤其雨天较多,稻曲病发生较严重。2013年以黄华占和金农丝苗为试验材料,在广州市花都区会兴菜场以药剂“三唑酮、爱苗尧井冈霉素”为主处理、以喷施时期“破口前7 d、破口前7d+破口期、破口期”为副处理进行一季中晚稻稻曲病的药效试验和防治适期的研究。结果表明：3种药剂三唑酮尧爱苗尧井冈霉素对稻曲病病穗率和病情指数均具有极显著降低袁但3种药剂间差异不显著袁其中爱苗的防治效果较好曰喷施时期对稻曲病病穗率和病情指数的影响没达显著水平袁但破口前7 d+破口期喷施的防治效果较好曰3 种药剂三唑酮尧爱苗尧井冈霉素处理后增产显著袁其中爱苗的增幅较大袁增产的主要原因是结实率显著提高从而显著增多每穗实粒数曰喷施时期对产量虽有影响袁但差异不显著遥     

连作对马铃薯根系生物学特征和叶片抗逆生理的影响

针对连作导致马铃薯生长发育受阻和产量下降等问题,在甘肃省景泰县条山农场设置了不同连作年限的大田试验,从植株自身形态和生理响应方面初探马铃薯连作障碍的可能机制。结果表明：连作明显降低了马铃薯地上和地下部生物量,增加了总根长、根表面积、根尖数和根冠比,且随着连作年限的延长,生物量下降越大,而总根长、根表面积、根尖数和根冠比增加越大,连作5年的总根长、根表面积、根尖数和根冠比比轮作分别增加了39.35%、26.60%、31.67%和70.90%;连作明显增加了块茎膨大期叶片MDA活性, 叶片SOD、POD和CAT的活性随连作年限表现为先上升后下降,从连作3 a开始,叶片MDA活性急剧增加,而叶片SOD、POD和CAT的活性急剧下降;连作1 a和2 a地块的块茎产量差异不显著,但连作3 a后块茎产量较轮作下降了45%以上。由此可见,在当地生态环境和栽培及品种条件下连作的阈值年限可能为2 a,根系生长增加是马铃薯应对连作逆境的主动性适应机制。     

长江径流对河口及邻近海区渔业影响的初步研究

根据对近年调查资料的分析，本文试就长江径流变化对邻近海区理化环境的影响、对河口及邻近海区的浮游动物的数量分布以及渔业的影响等方面进行了讨论。长江径流的变化关系到邻近海区温、盐度和冲淡水的分布，并且存在着较强的相关；不少经济鱼类的渔场正位于浮游动物总生物量高区，而近海浮游动物总生物量与长江径流量之间有着显著的正相关关系；径流量的变化不仅改变渔场位置，而且影响海区渔获量的变化。文中着重讨论了长江口、舟山和鱼山渔场的带鱼、鲐鲹鱼的分布，渔场形成，渔获量的大小与径流量关系．     

Effects of fishing practice changes on pelagic shark longline captures in the Gulf of Gabes,Tunisia

1. In order to increase their catches, longliners targeting sharks in the Gulf of Gabes, Tunisia, have increased the number of hooks per basket and have included new bait types instead of mackerel (Scomber scombrus). This paper reports the effects of these changes on catch composition, catch rates, size distribution, life‐stage captures, and mortality at haulback.
2. Data from 48 and 96 longline sets, carried out during the shark fishing seasons of 2007 and 2008, with two hooks per basket, and 2016 and 2017, with five hooks per basket, respectively, were examined to assess the effect of gear change. Moreover, the effects of bait types were inspected based on 33 fishing sets using whole mackerel, 19 using salema (Sarpa salpa) halves, and 27 using pieces of stingray (Dasyatis spp.), sampled during 2016 and 2017.
3. The species composition indicated that longliners expand the vertical distribution of their hooks to operate from the surface to the bottom. The catches with both longline designs were dominated by sandbar shark (Carcharhinus plumbeus). Despite gear changes, the catch rate of C. plumbeus decreased by 42.21%, suggesting population decline. The size composition indicated a shift towards larger specimens, mainly adult females, which could jeopardize the shark population. Moreover, the mortality of the main species at haulback seems to be affected by the design of the longline.
4. The bait used, mainly pieces of stingray, significantly increased the catch rate of sandbar shark, which suggests a greater attractiveness of the new bait; however, fish size and mortality rates at haulback were unchanged in response to bait variation.
5. The fishery operates in shark nursery grounds, which exposes these fish (principally C. plumbeus) to considerable exploitation pressure. The new fishing practices intensified the pressure and thus the risk of a rapid depletion of populations. To preserve the shark species in the area, the use of new gear and attractive bait should be banned.

     

Factors influencing the yield of brown trout, Salmo trutta m. lacustris L., in northern Finnish lakes

Abstract Lake-to-lake variation in brown trout, Salmo trutta m. lacustris L., yield from stocking was examined in 34 lakes in northern Finland. The trout were mainly stocked as 2–3-year-old fish. Catch statistics were compiled with information on water quality, water level fluctuations, fishing effort and lake geomorphology. Absolute brown trout yields (kgha^-1) increased with increasing stocking rate, but there was an indication of non-linearity at higher stocking densities. Relative yields (kg per thousand trout released) were highest at low stocking rates. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to determine the best predictive model for lake-to-lake variability in brown trout yields. Seventeen measured regressands were used initially, and then replaced with scores obtained in a principal component analysis of highly correlated water quality variables and species-specific fish yields. Three major determinants of brown trout yields in these lakes were found in both analyses: fish community, stocking rate and fishing effort. Brown trout yields from stocking were higher in lakes with proportionally high yields of vendace or vendace and whitefish and proportionally low yields of pike.