枯草芽孢杆菌D9生物有机肥对连作芦蒿扦插苗枯萎病病害防控研究

芦蒿连作土壤中的枯萎病病原菌尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)通过扦插茎秆的切口处侵染扦插苗,严重地降低扦插苗的成活率。实验通过分离生防菌株,开发生防生物有机肥防控扦插苗连作病害。研究结果显示,分离到的具有生防芦蒿枯萎病病原菌尖孢镰刀菌能力的菌株为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)D9。D9菌株的代谢物能够显著地抑制尖孢镰刀菌的孢子萌发和菌丝的伸长(P0.05)。芦蒿连作土壤扦插苗病害的防控实验结果表明,有机肥和D9生物有机肥的防病率分别达到77.3%和97.1%,同时能够显著地(P0.05)降低芦蒿扦插苗的茎内尖孢镰刀菌数量,而且D9生物有机肥能够显著(P0.05)降低扦插苗根际土壤中尖孢镰刀菌的数量。相较于对照处理,D9生物有机肥处理的根际土壤和茎内尖孢镰刀菌数量分别降低了35.7%和93.7%。有机肥没有提高芦蒿几丁质酶和β-1,3葡聚糖酶活力,而D9生物有机肥显著提高芦蒿几丁质酶和β-1,3葡聚糖酶的酶活(P0.05)。D9生物有机肥能够有效防治连作芦蒿扦插苗的病害,为芦蒿产业提供一条绿色、安全的栽种途径。     

坡耕地不同种植模式对农田水土保持效应及土壤养分流失的影响

针对云南彝良地震灾区灾后坡耕地水土流失的现状,进行了不同种植模式的水土保持效应的研究。通过对试验小区不同种植模式下的径流小区的监测,以探明不同种植模式对农田水土和养分流失及对收获期作物粒重的影响,寻求控制和减少农田水土流失及增产的有效种植模式。结果表明,不同种植模式3次地表总径流量顺序为黄豆单作(17.0 m~3·hm~(-2))马铃薯单作(15.9 m~3·hm~(-2))玉米单作(13.7 m~3·hm~(-2))玉米∥马铃薯顺坡种植(12.6 m~3·hm~(-2))玉米∥黄豆(12.3 m~3·hm~(-2))玉米∥马铃薯(11.7 m~3·hm~(-2));土壤总侵蚀量顺序为马铃薯单作(930.15 kg·hm~(-2))黄豆单作(821.70 kg·hm~(-2))玉米单作(739.05 kg·hm~(-2))玉米∥马铃薯顺坡种植(716.70kg·hm~(-2))玉米∥马铃薯(651.90 kg·hm~(-2))玉米∥黄豆(620.10 kg·hm~(-2));在地表径流量方面,最好模式玉米∥马铃薯间作,比最差模式黄豆单作削减地表径流量31.2%,比马铃薯单作、玉米单作分别削减地表径流量26.4%、14.3%;在土壤侵蚀量方面,最好模式玉米∥黄豆间作,比最差模式马铃薯单作削减土壤侵蚀量33.3%,比黄豆单作、玉米单作分别削减土壤侵蚀量24.5%、16.1%。在土壤养分流失方面,玉米∥黄豆间作比马铃薯单作削减总氮流失30.6%;玉米∥黄豆间作比马铃薯单作削减氨氮流失22.2%,并有显著差异。可见,在彝良地震灾区玉米∥马铃薯和玉米∥黄豆间作种植模式在减少水土养分流失方面有一定效果。     

麦套春棉共生期间土壤温度的动态变化

严格用气象部门的观测方法，观测麦套春棉共生期间土壤温度的动态变化。结果表明：麦棉共生期由于小麦遮荫，使套种棉行的土壤温度低于纯作春棉，造成麦套春棉苗弱晚发。适当增大麦棉间距，选用株高较矮的小麦品种，可减少小麦对棉苗的遮荫，提高麦套春棉行间的土壤温度。     

Long-term manuring and fertilization influence soil inorganic phosphorus transformation vis-a-vis rice yield in a rice–wheat cropping system

A study on the rice–wheat cropping system was conducted at Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, West Bengal, India, to assess the effects of long-term manuring and fertilization on transformation of the inorganic phosphorus (P) fraction in soil after 22 years of the crop cycle. Soil samples were collected after Kharif from seven treated plots having different types of organic amendments like farm yard manure, paddy straw and green manuring with 50% substitution of nitrogen levels in rice crop only. The result showed that the yield trend of rice was maintained due to the buildup of P from various organic inputs. Although cultivation for 22 years without adding any fertilizer caused a significant decrease in almost all the forms of P viz. avail-P, saloid P, iron phosphorus fraction (Fe–P), aluminum phosphorus fraction (Al–P), calcium phosphorus fraction (Ca–P) and total P in control. Partial substitution of inorganic fertilizer N (50%) with organics, however, caused a significant increase in almost all the P fractions in soil over the control. The relative abundance of all the fractions of inorganic P irrespective of treatments was as follows: Fe–P > reductant soluble P fraction > occluded P > Al–P > Ca–P > saloid P. Saloid and Fe–P were the dominating fractions responsible for 92% variation of available P and total P levels, respectively.     

加工番茄连作对土壤理化性状及微生物量的影响

通过在石河子大学农学院试验站开展加工番茄连作定点微区试验,研究了不同连作处理(种植1 a、连作3 a、5 a和7 a)对新疆加工番茄土壤理化性状、微生物生物量和酶活性的影响。结果表明,随着连作年限的延长,土壤p H升高,全磷、速效磷及全钾含量呈先升后降的趋势,土壤容重无明显变化。连作7 a时土壤有机质、全氮及速效钾含量较对照分别下降了8%、21%和29%(p0.05)。土壤微生物量碳(SMBC)、微生物量氮(SMBN)和微生物商(q MB)呈显著下降趋势,与对照相比分别降低了52.3%、78.8%和48.2%(p0.01);微生物量磷(SMBP)呈先升后降趋势,连作3a时,SMBP含量达到最大值,是对照的1.65倍(p0.01)。土壤过氧化氢酶活性呈显著升高趋势,而脲酶、蔗糖酶、多酚氧化酶及磷酸酶活性的变化则相反。连作导致加工番茄产量显著下降,连作7 a时产量下降达34%(p0.01)。相关分析表明,p H、微生物量、q MB、酶活性及养分之间相关性极为密切,说明土壤微生物量和酶活性相结合,可以反映土壤质量的变化。加工番茄连作导致土壤p H和电导率升高,显著抑制了土壤微生物活性,降低了土壤肥力,最终造成产量下降,连作障碍明显。     

Carbon sequestration and relationship between carbon addition and storage under rainfed soybean–wheat rotation in a sandy loam soil of the Indian Himalayas

Soil organic matter (SOM) contributes to the productivity and physical properties of soils. Although crop productivity is sustained mainly through the application of organic manure in the Indian Himalayas, no information is available on the effects of long-term manure addition along with mineral fertilizers on C sequestration and the contribution of total C input towards soil organic C (SOC) storage. We analyzed results of a long-term experiment, initiated in 1973 on a sandy loam soil under rainfed conditions to determine the influence of different combinations of NPK fertilizer and fertilizer + farmyard manure (FYM) at 10 Mg ha⁻¹ on SOC content and its changes in the 0–45 cm soil depth. Concentration of SOC increased 40 and 70% in the NPK + FYM-treated plots as compared to NPK (43.1 Mg C ha⁻¹) and unfertilized control plots (35.5 Mg C ha⁻¹), respectively. Average annual contribution of C input from soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) was 29% and that from wheat (Triticum aestivum L. Emend. Flori and Paol) was 24% of the harvestable above-ground biomass yield. Annual gross C input and annual rate of total SOC enrichment were 4852 and 900 kg C ha⁻¹, respectively, for the plots under NPK + FYM. It was estimated that 19% of the gross C input contributed towards the increase in SOC content. C loss from native SOM during 30 years averaged 61 kg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. The estimated quantity of biomass C required to maintain equilibrium SOM content was 321 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. The total annual C input by the soybean–wheat rotation in the plots under unfertilized control was 890 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. Thus, increase in SOC concentration under long-term (30 years) rainfed soybean–wheat cropping was due to the fact that annual C input by the system was higher than the required amount to maintaining equilibrium SOM content.     

三七连作土壤对其种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为明确三七连作的障碍效应,以不同连作年限及不同空间分布的土壤为基质,通过发芽和幼苗生长试验,研究了连作土壤对三七种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:①与新土相比,连作土壤处理下三七种子萌发的最大速度加快,种子的发芽势变化不大,而发芽率、发芽指数和快速发芽期则明显呈降低或变短的趋势;②随土壤连作年限的增加,三七幼苗的成苗率和株高均显著下降(p0.05);③与根区外土相比,根区土和根区下土显著降低了三七种子的发芽势、发芽率和发芽指数,对种子萌发的最大速度也呈降低作用,但却使三七幼苗的地上生物量明显增加。连作土壤对三七种子的萌发及幼苗的生长均表现明显的障碍效应,化感(自毒)作用可能是造成三七连作障碍的原因之一。     

东北春玉米连作体系中土壤氮矿化、残留特征及氮素平衡

通过2年田间试验,在2种肥力、3种氮肥施用水平(不施氮N0,中量施氮N1,高量施氮N2)下,研究了吉林省春玉米连作体系中土壤氮素的矿化、残留特征及氮素平衡,并比较了种植不同玉米品种的效应。结果表明,德惠高肥力土壤中氮素两季总矿化量为203 kg/hm2,是新立城低肥力土壤的2.7倍。中量氮(N1)处理,2试验点2年土壤累计的氮素残留量为103～112 kg/hm2,对环境威胁较小;高量氮(N2)处理,新立城低肥力条件下土壤的氮素残留量为174 kg/hm2,且有下移趋势,而在德惠高肥力条件下,土壤的氮素残留量仅为107 kg/hm2。在新立城低肥力土壤上,施氮量在氮素输入项中起主要作用,在氮素输出项中,作物携出量并不随输入量的增加而有显著的变化,从而导致氮素盈余随着施氮量的增加而显著增加。氮盈余主要以残留Nm in积累在土壤剖面中,变幅为34.0%～88.4%。在德惠高肥力土壤上,土壤矿化氮在2个施氮处理中分别占氮素输入的28.3%和36.5%,在氮素输出中,氮肥表观损失量显著高于新立城,且氮盈余中以表观损失为主,变幅为54.3%～70.8%,平均为65.5%。两个试验点的氮素表观损失可能主要是由生物固持作用引起的肥料氮向土壤氮的转换。不同玉米品种对氮素矿化和表观利用率有一定的影响,在优化施肥中应加以考虑。     

华北平原旱地不同熟制作物产量、效益和水分利用比较

针对华北平原地下水超采严重,通过研究雨养旱作条件下不同熟制的产量、投入产出和水分利用效率,探索华北平原缺水区雨养旱作条件下的节水种植制度,可为地下水超采提供技术支撑。以当地主栽种植模式冬小麦和夏玉米一年2熟种植和春玉米一年1熟种植为研究对象,通过大田试验对雨养旱作条件下冬小麦、夏玉米和春玉米3种作物构成的2种种植制度的产量、耗水、投入、产出进行分析。试验于2007—2013年在中国科学院栾城农业生态系统试验站进行,该站为华北平原高产农区的典型代表。试验共设2个处理,T1为冬小麦-夏玉米一年2熟制,T2为春玉米一年1熟制。T1中的冬小麦生育期为每年的10月中上旬至翌年的6月中旬,夏玉米为6月中下旬至10月上旬,冬小麦品种大部分年份为‘科农199’,夏玉米品种为‘郑单958’。T2中春玉米的生育期为每年的5月中下旬至当年的9月上中旬,品种为‘农大108’、‘浚单20’、‘郑单958’和‘先玉335’。试验区从2007年9月至2013年6月一直未灌溉,为雨养旱作条件。研究结果表明,雨养旱作条件下,冬小麦产量基本稳定;夏玉米和春玉米产量随年型不同波动较大,尤其是夏玉米产量受播种时土壤含水量的影响较大,很多年份由于干旱少雨,玉米出苗时间推迟,导致玉米产量大幅度降低。T1比T2虽然具有明显的产量优势,增产34.1%,但由于冬小麦生产投入较高,T1的净收益比T2低279.97元·hm-2。3种作物的生产投入中,农资和机械投入比例最大,劳动力投入占很小比例,农资投入中,化肥投入最高;3种作物的产投比分别为1.42、2.66和3.42,雨养旱作条件下冬小麦的产投比最低,春玉米最高。从作物的耗水结构分析,冬小麦生育期降雨较少,以消耗雨季储存于土壤中的土壤水分为主,春(夏)玉米生育期降雨较多以消耗降雨为主。目前,生产上正在自发地压缩冬小麦的种植面积,春玉米一年1熟种植面积迅速增加。因此,在保证区域粮食安全的条件下,通过调整农业种植结构可以控制水资源的过度开采,保证农业持续发展。     

Legume cover cropping effects on early growth and soil nitrogen supply in eucalypt plantations in south-western India

Growth and soil N supply in young Eucalyptus tereticornis stands at two sites in Kerala, India, were examined in response to cover cropping with three legume species (Pueraria phaseoloides, Stylosanthes hamata, and Mucuna bracteata). The effects of legume residues on soil N supply were investigated in a long-term (392 day) laboratory incubation using leaching micro-lysimeters. Residues from the eucalypt and legume species had different rates of net N release during the laboratory incubation. Net N release was significantly related to residue N concentration (R² =0.94), the C:N ratio (R² =0.91), the lignin:N ratio (R² =0.83), and the (lignin + soluble polyphenol):N ratio (R² =0.95). Nitrogen release rates declined in the order Mucuna > Pueraria > Eucalyptus > Stylosanthes. There was no net N release from Stylosanthes residues during the 392-day laboratory incubation, whereas Mucuna and Pueraria released N throughout the incubation period. Net N release from mixtures of legume and eucalypt residues was not additive in the early phase of the incubation, probably because eucalypt residues initially immobilized a portion of the legume-derived N in addition to the soil-derived N. Legume establishment had no significant effect on tree growth at one site (Kayampoovam), but resulted in depressed tree growth at the lower rainfall site (Punnala) at 18 months. There were no significant treatment effects on growth at Punnala after that time. Cover cropping with legumes during the early phase of forest plantation growth may be a useful mechanism to enhance soil N supply and optimize the synchrony between N supply and tree N uptake. Although these effects did not translate into improved plantation growth in the 3 years of this study, improved soil organic matter and N fertility may help ensure sustainable productivity over several rotations in the future. This study showed that the effect of legumes on N dynamics varies markedly with legume species. This, together with other factors (e.g. competition with trees, N fixation capacity), will be important in selecting suitable species for cover cropping in forest plantations.