氮氧化物选择性催化还原催化剂研究

选择性催化还原(SCR)技术是研究最多、应用最广的烟气NO_x脱除技术,该技术的关键是催化剂的研发,其催化性能直接影响到脱硝效果的好坏。该研究介绍了SCR领域研究开发的以贵金属、金属氧化物、碳材料为载体的低温脱硝催化剂,并对碳纳米材料催化剂做了重点介绍,最后对今后的研究方向进行展望。     

生物柴油催化转移加氢改善其燃烧特性

采用催化转移加氢法对大豆油生物柴油(SME,soybean methyl ester)进行适度加氢制备部分加氢大豆油生物柴油(PHSME,partially hydrogenated soybean methyl ester),分析比较生物柴油加氢前后的组分、过氧化值、碘值、十六烷值与运动黏度等燃料特性参数,并基于热重-差示扫描量热法(TG-DSC,thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimeter)研究加氢提质生物柴油的着火燃烧性能。结果表明:以异丙醇为供氢体、水为反应介质和Raney-Ni为催化剂,在温度85℃和常压下对SME进行催化转移加氢反应,经GC-MS(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry)检测发现高不饱和组分选择性转化为低不饱和或饱和组分,不饱和程度降低了46.2%。尽管PHSME的运动黏度略有增加,但其氧化安定性得到明显改善,且十六烷值也升高至合理的范围。在空气氛围下,由于PHSME相比于SME的分子结构变化及运动黏度增加,其在初始阶段不易挥发,但在高温阶段平均氧化速率更高,其终了失质量温度比SME提前7.2℃。由于PHSME的适度的高十六烷值属性,在DSC曲线可见其放热始点温度比SME提前10.7℃,说明提质生物柴油具有优越的着火性能。     

More evidence that anaerobic oxidation of methane is prevalent in soils: Is it time to upgrade our biogeochemical models?

Estimating future fluxes of CH₄ between land and atmosphere requires well-conceived process-based biogeochemical models. Current models do not represent the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) in land surface soils, in spite of increasing evidence that this process is widespread. Our objective was to determine whether AOM, or potential AOM, commonly occurs in 20 hydromorphic soils spanning a wide range of chemical properties. Bulk soil samples were collected under shallow water near the shoreline of 15 recently drained fish ponds in southern Bohemia (Czech Republic), as well as from below the water table at 3 peatland locations in northeast Scotland and 2 acid sulfate soils on the southern coast of Finland. Each soil slurry was incubated under both oxic and anoxic conditions, with or without the addition of alternative electron acceptors (SO₄²⁻ and NO₃⁻) or H₂PO₄⁻. Here, “oxic” and “anoxic” conditions refer to anoxic soil respectively incubated in a headspace containing air or argon. Using the isotope dilution method, we determined the gross production and oxidation rates of CH₄ after 2 days incubation under oxic headspace conditions, and after 2, 21 and 60 days incubation under anoxic conditions. Large differences in net CH₄ fluxes were observed between soil types and between incubation conditions. AOM was detected in each of the 20 bulk soil samples, which spanned >6 pH units and 2 orders of magnitude in organic C content. Significant positive relationships were found between AOM and gross CH₄ production rates under anoxic conditions, resulting in AOM rates that were sometimes higher than CH₄ oxidation rates under oxic headspace conditions. There was no relationship between net and gross CH₄ production rates, such that 2 soil types could display similar low net rates, yet conceal very large differences in gross rates. The effects of alternative electron acceptors on AOM were idiosyncratic and resulted in no net trend. We did find, however, a negative effect of SO₄²⁻ and H₂PO₄⁻ on gross CH₄ production rates under anoxic and oxic conditions respectively. Under oxic headspace conditions, CH₄ oxidation was related to soil organic C content. Taken collectively, our results suggest that AOM, or potential AOM, is prevalent over a wide range of soil types, that AOM may contribute substantially to CH₄ oxidation in soils, and that AOM in soils should be integrated to current process-based CH₄ cycling models.     

Contributions of ammonia-oxidizing archaea and bacteria to nitrification in Oregon forest soils

Ammonia oxidation, the first step of nitrification, is mediated by both ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB); however, the relative contributions of AOA and AOB to soil nitrification are not well understood. In this study we used 1-octyne to discriminate between AOA- and AOB-supported nitrification determined both in soil-water slurries and in unsaturated whole soil at field moisture. Soils were collected from stands of red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii Mirb. Franco) at three sites (Cascade Head, the H.J. Andrews, and McDonald Forest) on acidic soils (pH 3.9–5.7) in Oregon, USA. The abundances of AOA and AOB were measured using quantitative PCR by targeting the amoA gene, which encodes subunit A of ammonia monooxygenase. Total and AOA-specific (octyne-resistant) nitrification activities in soil slurries were significantly higher at Cascade Head (the most acidic soils, pH < 5) than at either the H.J. Andrews or McDonald Forest, and greater in red alder compared with Douglas-fir soils. The fraction of octyne-resistant nitrification varied among sites (21–74%) and was highest at Cascade Head than at the other two locations. Net nitrification rates of whole soil without NH₄⁺ amendment ranged from 0.4 to 3.3 mg N kg⁻¹ soil d⁻¹. Overall, net nitrification rates of whole soil were stimulated 2- to 8-fold by addition of 140 mg NH₄⁺-N kg⁻¹ soil; this was significant for red alder at Cascade Head and the H.J. Andrews. Red alder at Cascade Head was unique in that the majority of NH₄⁺-stimulated nitrifying activity was octyne-resistant (73%). At all other sites, NH₄⁺-stimulated nitrification was octyne-sensitive (68–90%). The octyne-sensitive activity—presumably AOB—was affected more by soil pH whereas the octyne-resistant (AOA) activity was more strongly related to N availability.     

Micro nutrient toxicity in French marigold

The influence of elevated levels of micronutrients on the growth and flowering of French marigold (Tagetes patula L.) was investigated. Plants were grown with nutrient solution containing 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 mM boron (B), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), or zinc (Zn) and toxicity development was monitored. The threshold micronutrient concentrations that induced visible foliar toxicity symptoms were 0.5 mM B, 4 mM Cu, 4 mM Fe, 2 mM Mn, 1 mM Mo, and 5 mM Zn. The dry matter yields during the 5 week experimental period were reduced when micronutrient concentrations exceeded 0.5 mM B, 3 mM Cu, 3 mM Fe, 6 mM Mn, 0.5 mM Mo, and 5 mM Zn in the fertilizer solution. Leaf chlorophyll contents decreased when the nutrient solution concentrations of Cu, Fe, and Mn were greater than 0.5 mM, 3 mM, and 2 mM, respectively. Visual toxicity symptoms of the six micronutrients were characterized.     

La/P/Ni改性分子筛催化裂解生物油模型化合物

为研究不同分子筛催化剂对生物油催化裂解特性的影响,该文采用稀土元素La、非金属元素P以及活泼金属元素Ni对ZSM-5分子筛催化剂进行改性,在连续式固定床反应器中对乙酸乙酯、二丙酮醇、糠醛和愈创木酚等生物油模型化合物进行催化裂解试验,进而对比HY、HZSM-5、ZSM-5催化剂以及改性后ZSM-5催化剂对模型化合物的催化裂解反应特性以及脱氧效果。试验结果表明:在反应温度为400℃、反应质量空速为4/h条件下,经La/P/Ni改性ZSM-5分子筛催化剂,模型化合物有机相收率提高,结焦率下降;HY分子筛所得有机相收率最低,结焦率最高。模型化合物各组分裂解难易程度由易到难为二丙酮醇乙酸乙酯糠醛愈创木酚;改性后ZSM-5分子筛使组分单一转化率和总转化率均出现下降;HZSM-5分子筛作用下,反应转化率达到最高。模型化合物催化裂解脱氧产物以芳香烃为主,经La改性ZSM-5分子筛作用后,其芳香烃选择性较ZSM-5略微上升;P和Ni改性后,芳烃选择性下降;HZSM-5对于芳香烃选择性最高,达7.36%;HY对于芳香烃选择性最低,仅为3.15%。通过液体产物组分分析进一步探讨模型化合物反应路径,从而为生物油的催化裂解提供一定的理论基础和科学依据。     

Manganese availability and microbial populations in the rhizosphere of wheat genotypes differing in tolerance to Mn deficiency

Plant genotypes differ in their capacity to grow in soils with low manganese (Mn) availability. The physiological mechanisms underlying differential tolerance to Mn deficiency are poorly understood. To study the relationship between Mn content in soil, plant genotypes, and rhizosphere microorganisms in differential Mn efficiency, two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, RAC891 (tolerant to Mn deficiency) and Yanac (sensitive), were grown in a Mn‐deficient soil to which 5, 10, 20 or 40 mg Mn kg^–1 were added. The shoot dry matter of both cultivars increased with increasing Mn addition to the soil. At all soil Mn fertilizer levels, the tolerant RAC891 had a greater shoot dry matter and a higher total shoot Mn uptake than the sensitive Yanac. The concentration of DTPA‐extractable Mn in the rhizosphere soil of RAC891 at Mn20 and Mn40 was slightly lower than in the rhizosphere of Yanac. The population density of culturable microorganisms in the rhizosphere soil was low (log 6.8–6.9 cfu (g soil)^–1) in both cultivars and neither Mn oxidation nor reduction were observed in vitro. To assess the non‐culturable fraction of the soil microbial community, the ribosomal intergenetic spacer region of the bacterial DNA in the rhizosphere soil was amplified (RISA) and separated in agarose gels. The RISA banding patterns of the bacterial rhizosphere communities changed markedly with increasing soil Mn level, but there were no differences between the wheat cultivars. The bacterial community structure in the rhizosphere was significantly correlated with the concentration of DPTA‐extractable Mn in the rhizosphere, fertilizer Mn level, shoot dry matter, and total shoot Mn uptake. The results obtained by RISA indicate that differential tolerance to Mn deficiency in wheat may not be related to changes in the composition of the bacterial community in the rhizosphere.     

抗氧化剂对辐照花生脂肪酸含量及过氧化值的影响

通过气相色谱法和滴定法研究了辐照花生脂肪酸含量及贮藏过程中脂肪过氧化值(POV)的变化.结果表明,不同剂量的辐照处理对花生脂肪酸含量没有明显影响,但可引起花生脂肪POV的明显升高,其中以3.5kGy处理组最明显;随贮藏时间的延长POV呈先升后降的趋势.添加0.1%的VC、VE和丁基羟基茴香醚(BHA),可有效抑制花生的...     

板鸭干制的特性分析和工艺参数优化

以提高板鸭干制质量为目的,采用自制小型气调干燥试验设备,对板鸭进行干制试验。采用二次正交旋转组合试验设计方法,研究了热风温度、气流速度、抗氧化剂特丁基对苯二酚（Tertiary Butylhydroquinone,TBHQ）浓度对板鸭脂肪氧化程度、失水速率的影响规律。结果表明：提高干制温度和气流速度可提高脱水率,但温度升高,脂肪氧化程度增加;而提高TBHQ浓度可降低板鸭的脂肪氧化程度,提高板鸭品质。用回归分析程序拟合产品的酸价、硫代巴比妥酸（Sulfo-Barbitone Acid,TBA）值和失水速率随热风温度、气流速度和TBHQ浓度变化的回归方程,得到优化工艺参数为：热风温度为49℃,气流速度为1.84 m/s,TBHQ浓度为0.018%,在此工艺下板鸭质量指标值分别为酸价1.129 mg/g,TBA值0.168 mg/kg,失水速率3.862%/h。