Study on Chemical Components of Alkaline Nitrobenzene Oxidation from Plantation Woods

This paper deals with the chemical components and the chemical structure of lignin of Chinese fir and Poplar I-214 from plantationforest. The results revealed that the contents ofchemical component in heart wood and sapwood were almost the same except ethanol-benzene extract both in Chinese fir and in Poplar I-214, The contents of ash, holocellulose, α -cellulose, pentosan, ethanol-benzene extract and cold-water extract in Poplar I-214 were higher than that in Chinesefir, The content of lignin in Poplar I-214 was lower than that in Chinese flr. Vanillin, vanillic acid and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde were found in Chinesefir while vanillin and vanillic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, syringaldehyde and syringic acid werefound in Poplar I-214 in investigation of the chemical structure of lignin by using nitrobenzene oxidization method.     

3个蓝靛果品种果实生物活性物质含量及抗氧化性的比较

为给蓝靛果种质资源收集、优良品种的选育、综合开发及利用提供参考,以蓝靛果栽培品种‘蓝鸟’‘蓓蕾’及野生蓝靛果为材料,比较3个蓝靛果品种果实生物活性成分的含量及抗氧化活性,利用生理生化实验方法,测定各品种成熟果实提取液中可滴定酸、类黄酮、总酚、花色苷含量,分析DPPH、FRAP、羟自由基(·OH)的清除能力。结果表明:‘蓝鸟’果实可滴定酸含量最多,其体积分数为2.49%;按照类黄酮、总酚及花色苷的含量由高到低排序,3个品种依次为‘蓓蕾’、野生、‘蓝鸟’。体外抗氧化活性评价结果显示,3个蓝靛果品种果实的抗氧化能力差异较大,‘蓓蕾’果实抗氧化活性最高,其次是野生蓝靛果,‘蓝鸟’果实的抗氧化活性最低。相关性分析结果显示,蓝靛果果实的抗氧化能力与类黄酮、总酚、花色苷含量存在极显著相关性,其中,类黄酮含量与·OH清除能力相关系数最大,即蓝靛果果实类黄酮清除·OH的能力最强。综上可知,‘蓓蕾’果实生物活性物质含量较高,抗氧化能力比其他2个蓝靛果品种强,适宜进行加工及内含物提取利用,是制备抗氧化剂的优良材料。     

催干剂对氨基环氧树脂阴极电泳漆的影响

以氨基环氧树脂为基体树脂，Co^2 ,Pb^2 盐为催干剂合成了阴极电泳漆，并对膜性能进行考察，结果表明，所合成的阴极电泳涂料在PH值为6－7、电泳时间2min的条件下。加入不同的催干剂，在不同的烘干温度下，得到性能不同的漆膜。经过膝膜综合性能试验，结果表明，加入钴和铅复合催化剂，在160℃左右烘干20min，可得到完全固化，硬度较高、耐潮、耐盐、耐酸碱性较好的漆膜。     

功能基聚氧化松香二元醇酯的制备与性能研究

探讨了松香的氧化及氧化产物与二元醇反应合成聚酯的反应;研究了催化剂、反应温度、反应时间、投料比及不同二元醇类对聚酯制备的影响。采用紫外光谱、红外光谱等对松香氧化产物及聚酯结构进行了表征,并测定了聚酯的酸值、溶解度、热失重和软化点。实验结果表明,当反应温度为75℃,反应时间为8 h,氧化产物酸值达到318 mg.g-1;聚氧化松香乙二醇酯制备的适宜条件为:以AlCl3为催化剂,反应温度120~140℃之间,反应时间为20 h左右,投料比n松香氧化产物∶n乙二醇=1∶1.2~1∶1.5。该聚酯热失重5%时的温度为178.19℃,软化点为248℃,在甲苯、乙醇和丙酮中溶解度分别为0.0008 g.ml-1、0.0392 g.ml-1和0.0204 g.ml-1。     

酵母硒和枣粉饲粮对鸡肉宰后氧化及氨基酸的影响研究

为研究酵母硒和枣粉饲粮对白羽肉鸡鸡胸肉成熟过程中蛋白质氧化及氨基酸含量变化的影响,本试验采用不同浓度酵母硒和枣粉饲喂白羽肉鸡42 d,根据酵母硒和枣粉添加量分为6个处理组,分别为CK(基础日粮)、J组(基础日粮+8%枣粉替换8%玉米)、0.3S(基础日粮+0.3 mg·kg^-1酵母硒)、0.6S(基础日粮+0.6 mg·kg^-1酵母硒)、0.3S+J(基础日粮+0.3 mg·kg^-1酵母硒+8%枣粉替换8%玉米)和0.6S+J(基础日粮+0.6 mg·kg^-1酵母硒+8%枣粉替换8%玉米)饲喂组,分析肉鸡宰后不同时间点(0、12、24、48、72 h)鸡胸肉中羰基、巯基、二硫键、二聚酪氨酸、氨基酸含量和表面疏水性等指标的变化规律。结果表明,随着成熟时间的延长,羰基、二硫键、二聚酪氨酸含量和表面疏水性均不同程度增加,巯基和总氨基酸含量逐渐降低。与CK相比,饲粮中添加酵母硒和枣粉均能降低蛋白质氧化程度,且添加酵母硒组能显著增加鸡胸肉中氨基酸总量(P<0.05),0.6S+J饲喂组对抑制蛋白质的氧化和防止氨基酸含量损失的作用最显著(P<0.05),且天冬氨酸、苏氨酸、丝氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸、胱氨酸、缬氨酸、蛋氨酸、异亮氨酸、酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸、赖氨酸、组氨酸、精氨酸和脯氨酸含量显著高于其他组(P<0.05)。综上,鸡肉成熟过程会加剧蛋白质氧化程度和氨基酸损失,而在饲粮中添加酵母硒和枣粉能起到抑制蛋白质氧化的作用,其中在饲粮中添加酵母硒能显著抑制氨基酸总量的降低,复合添加0.6 mg·kg^-1酵母硒和8%的枣粉组效果最佳。本研究结果为酵母硒和枣粉在饲粮中的应用提供了一定的理论依据和数据支撑。     

氮肥、土壤湿度和温度对稻田土壤甲烷氧化的影响

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer,soil mosture and temperature and temperature on methane oxidation in paddy soil were investigated under laboratory conditions.Addition of 0.05 g N kg^-1 soil as NH4Cl strongly inhibited methane oxidation and addition of the same rate of KCl also inhibited the oxidation but with more slight effect,suggesting that the inhibitory effect was partly caused by increase in osmotic potential in microorganism cell,Not only NH4^ but also NO3^- greatly affected methane oxidation.Urea did not affect methane oxidation in paddy soil in the first two days of incubation,but strong inhibitory effect was observed afterwards.Methane was oxidized in the treated soil with an optimum moisture of 280 g kg^-1 ,and air-drying inhibited methane oxidation entirely.The optimum temperature of methane oxidation was about 30℃ in paddy soil.while no methane oxidation was observed at 5℃or 50℃。     

Oxidation of methane in the rhizosphere of rice plants

Oxidation of CH₄ in the rhizosphere of rice plants was quantified using (1) methyl fluoride, a specific inhibitor of CH₄ oxidation, and (2) measuring changes in plant-mediated CH₄ emission after incubation under air, N₂, or 40% O₂. No significant rhizospheric CH₄ oxidation was observed from rice plants in the ripening stage. CH₄ emission from rice plants 1 week before panicle initiation increased by 40% if CH₄ oxidation in the rhizosphere was blocked. The growth stage of the rice plant is an important factor determining the rhizospheric CH₄ oxidation. Fluctuation of rhizospheric CH₄ oxidation during the growing season may help to explain the observed seasonal CH₄ emission patterns in field studies. Measurements from four rice varieties showed that one variety, Pokkali, had higher rhizospheric CH₄ oxidation. This was probably because Pokkali was in an earlier growth stage than the other three varieties. Both in the early and in the late growth stages, incubation under N₂ caused a much stronger CH₄ flux than inhibition of CH₄ oxidation alone. Apparently, N₂ incubation not only blocked CH₄ oxidation but also stimulated methanogenesis in the rhizosphere. Incubation under a higher O₂ atmosphere (40% O₂) than ambient air decreased the CH₄ flux, suggesting that increasing the oxidation of the rice rhizosphere may help in reducing CH₄ fluxes from rice agriculture. The O₂ pressure in the rhizosphere is an important factor that reduces the plant-mediated CH₄ flux. However, inhibition of methanogenesis in the rhizosphere may contribute more to CH₄ flux reduction than rhizospheric CH₄ oxidation.     

Microbial and enzyme activity in soils amended with a natural source of easily available carbon

The addition of sugar beet to soils as a source of C led to an increase in the availability of easily utilizable C (glucose), which in turn markedly increased numbers of soil bacteria and of the yeast Williopsis californica. Nitrification, P solubilization, urea hydrolysis (and the subsequent nitrification of liberated NH _inf4 ^sup+ ) were stimulated by this amendment. The stimulation of nitrification may have been a result of increased heterotrophic nitrification. In contrast, the concentration of sulphate in S^o-amended soils declined following amendment, presumably as the result of enhanced S immobilization. Activity of the enzymes amylase, aryl sulphatase, invertase, phosphatase, dehydrogenase, and urease were all stimulated by the sugar beet amendment. These results suggest that sugar beet amendment could be used to increase the rate of release of plant-available ions from fertilizers such as insoluble phosphates. Problems may arise, however, from a subsequent increase in nitrification and reduced sulphate availability.     

农业技术创新链的超循环理论与机理研究

农业技术创新链循环是指从农业技术创新链的某一基本构成环节出发,顺次经过其他基本环节,最后回复到起始环节的过程,它包括反应循环、催化循环和超循环三个等级。其循环机理是:同一农业技术创新链中每一环节的反应循环,推动同一或不同农业技术创新链中同一或同类环节之间的催化循环,再由催化循环推动同一或不同农业技术创新链中各环节之间的超循环。农业技术发明和农业技术首次商业化使用的超循环,使二者耦合成共生的结合体;通过农业技术首次商业化使用和农业技术扩散的超循环,完成农业技术创新链的一次循环;通过农业技术扩散和农业技术发明的超循环,使整个农业技术创新链在新的需求起点上开始循环,如此循环往复。