农业技术创新链的超循环理论与机理研究

农业技术创新链循环是指从农业技术创新链的某一基本构成环节出发,顺次经过其他基本环节,最后回复到起始环节的过程,它包括反应循环、催化循环和超循环三个等级。其循环机理是:同一农业技术创新链中每一环节的反应循环,推动同一或不同农业技术创新链中同一或同类环节之间的催化循环,再由催化循环推动同一或不同农业技术创新链中各环节之间的超循环。农业技术发明和农业技术首次商业化使用的超循环,使二者耦合成共生的结合体;通过农业技术首次商业化使用和农业技术扩散的超循环,完成农业技术创新链的一次循环;通过农业技术扩散和农业技术发明的超循环,使整个农业技术创新链在新的需求起点上开始循环,如此循环往复。     

磺胺喹(口恶)啉在肉鸡组织中的残留与组织动力学

作者采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)研究了磺胺喹(口恶)啉在肉鸡多种组织中的动力学过程,并把药动学方法及回归分析法,用于组织含药量的间接预测。研究表明,组织中 SQ 的经时过程:肌肉、心符合二项指数方程;肝、肾符合三项指数方程。SQ 从组织中消除,遵循一级动力学过程。主要的动力学参数(均值):t_(1/2)β,肌肉、肝、心、肾分别为4.54,13.47,10.10,18.95(hr);T_(max)分别为6.53,4.16,6.63,6.03(hr);C_(max)分别为4.52,5.09,7.49,9.32(mg%)SQ 在组织中的含量,肾脏最高,心、肝次之,肌肉最低。根据组织动力学方程,计算出生物样本中药物下降至0.1ppm 所需要的时间:肾、心、肝、肌肉分别为176.5,123.5,121.7,7.18(hr);下降至5mg%所需要的时间;肾、心、肝分别为18.40,14.50,7.12(hr);肌肉中的 SQ 含量始终低于 Mic。     

紫色土对铬的吸附—解吸及吸附动力学

紫色土对3价铬有较强的吸附能力,其吸附以化学吸附为主。吸附量大小顺序为石灰性紫色土、中性紫色土和酸性紫色土;解吸率大小则为酸性紫色土、石灰性紫色土和中性紫色土,且解吸率多在1%以下。6价铬的吸附以物理吸附和交换吸附为主,吸附能力较弱,吸附量大小顺序与3价铬相反,且解吸率均在10%以上。紫色土对3价铬和6价铬的吸附速率大小顺序与吸附量大小顺序相同,且二者的吸附过程均能用双常数速率方程进行最佳模拟。     

植物的离子吸收动力学研究的现状和前景(综述)

本文以文献及作者在果树上的研究为基础,对植物离子吸收动力学的基本概念、研究方法、影响动力学参数的主要因素和在果树营养研究中的应用,以及离子吸收动力学的意义和发展前景进行了述评。     

无机盐对乙酸底物甲烷发酵动力学的影响

厌氧发酵反应器中的甲烷化以乙酸降解途径为主。已知的数十属产甲烷菌中只有Methanothrix和Methanosarcina以乙酸为底物,其中Methanothrix常为消化器中的主力。该文以乙酸为碳源培养了Methanothrix优势菌液,分析了温度与无机盐对甲烷发酵的动力学影响。结果表明,通过调整无机盐浓度,可使常规浓度培养液的总反应速度常数提高8倍,对Methanothrix产甲烷有显著影响;以研究较为成熟的温度因素作参照,当温度与无机盐在工程范围变化时,引起的动力学常数的变化幅度分别为0．01～0．43和0．04～0．59,无机盐与温度具有相同数量级的影响力。此外,该文采用适于厌氧水解的动力学模型研究乙酸底物甲烷发酵过程,结果表明,其产甲烷进入对数期后与试验数据基本吻合。     

土壤中积累态磷活化动力学的研究Ⅰ.有机质的影响

研究了潮土和红壤中积累态磷的活化动力学及其有机质的影响。四种动力学方程均能很好地描述积累态磷的活化。用H2 O2 去除有机质加快了潮土中积累态磷的活化 ,对红壤影响不明显。施加 2 %葡萄糖培育促进了红壤中积累态磷的活化 ,对潮土影响不大     

l-Asparaginase activity of soils

Summary A simple, precise, and sensitive method to assay l-asparaginase (l-asparagine amidohydrolase, EC 3.5.1.1) activity in soils is described. This method use steam distillation to determine the NH _inf4 ^sup+ produced by l-asparaginase activity when soil is incubated with buffered (0.1 M THAM, pH 10) l-asparagine solution and toluene at 30°C for 2 h. The procedure developed gives quantitative recovery of NH _inf4 ^sup+ -N added to soils and does not cause chemical hydrolysis of l-asparagine. The optimum buffer pH for NH _inf4 ^sup+ -N released by l-asparaginase activity in soils was 10. This enzyme was saturated with 50 mM l-asparagine, and the reaction rate essentially followed zero-order kinetics. The d-isomer of asparagine was also hydrolyzed in soils, but at only 16% of the activity of the l-isomer at a saturating concentration of the substrate. The optimal temperature for the soil l-asparaginase reaction occurred at 60°C and denaturation began at 65°C. The Arrhenius equation plot for l-asparaginase activity in three selected soils was linear between 10 and 50°C. The activation energy values of this enzyme ranged from 20.2 to 34.1 (average 26.6) kJ mol^-1. Application of three linear transformations of the Michaelis-Menten equation showed that the K _m values of l-asparaginase in nine soils ranged from 2.6 to 10.0 (average 6.1) mM and the V _max values ranged from 9 to 131 g NH _inf4 ^sup+ -N released g^-1 soil 2 h^-1. The temperature coefficients (Q ₁₀) for soil l-asparaginase activity ranged from 1.12 to 1.70 (average 1.39). Steam sterilization (121°C for 1 h), formaldehyde, and NaF decreased the activity but the presence of toluene increased the amount of NH _inf4 ^sup+ released. Treatment of soils with dimethylsulfoxide completely destroyed l-asparaginase activity. The use of sulfhydryl reagents indicated that a free sulfhydryl moiety was required to maintain the active enzyme. l-Asparaginase activity in soils was increased by 13 to 18% in the presence of THAM buffer prepared to contain 5 mM Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺, respectively.     

活化钾矿的钾释放动力学研究

【目的】建立活化钾矿的钾释放动力学模型.【方法】采用活化剂对非水溶性钾矿(钾长石、富钾页岩)进行活化,通过阳离子盐溶液(NH+4、Na+)连续振荡浸提,分析阳离子盐溶液对活化钾矿动态释钾过程的影响,研究活化钾矿的钾释放动力学模型.【结果和结论】各浸提剂浸提钾矿的释放曲线均表现出前期快速,之后缓慢释放的变化趋势.浸提剂浸提钾长石、活化钾长石钾的初始释放量顺序为:NH4ClNa ClH2O,累积释放量顺序为:Na ClNH4Cl≈H2O;富钾页岩、活化页岩的整个动态释钾过程均表现为:H2ONa ClNH4Cl.分别用双常数模型、一级动力学模型、扩散模型和Elovich模型对钾矿及其活化钾矿累积释钾量进行拟合,钾长石、活化钾长石的最优动力学模型是Elovich模型或双常数模型;富钾页岩、活化页岩的最优动力学模型是Elovich模型.钾长石、活化钾长石的一级动力学模型在2种浸提剂NH4Cl和Na Cl间的拟合性无明显差异;NH4Cl浸提的动力学模型拟合性均优于Na Cl.活化钾矿的钾初始释放速率、平均释放速率以及最大平衡释放量均有显著提高.初始释放速率的增大是活化钾矿的钾最大平衡释放量增多的主要原因.     

干酪乳杆菌蛋白酶纯化与动力学性质

干酪乳杆菌(Lactobacilluscasei)6033经增菌培养、超声波破碎、冷冻离心后获得粗酶液。粗酶液经硫酸铵分级沉淀后,分别进行阴离子交换层析、疏水层析、分子筛层析,最终获得1种纯蛋白酶。该酶分子量为61 2kD,可被苯甲基磺酰氟(PMSF)和乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)强烈抑制,Co2 和Ca2 能增强该酶活力,Fe3 、Zn2 和Cu2 对其活性则有抑制作用。该酶在37℃时,最大酶活力出现在pH值7 0附近,pH4 0时相对酶活力下降到39 0%,而pH9 0时相对酶活力仅维持在8 0%左右。pH7 0时该酶的最适温度为37℃左右,20℃时相对酶活力下降到54 0%,而60℃时相对酶活力仅为34 0%。以酪蛋白作为底物时测得该酶Km值为1 5mg/ml、Vmax为32 0。     

Degradation and effect of hydrogen peroxide in small‐scale recirculation aquaculture system biofilters

From an environmental point of view, hydrogen peroxide (HP) has beneficial attributes compared with other disinfectants in terms of its ready degradation and neutral by‐products. The rapid degradation of HP can, however, cause difficulties with regard to safe and efficient water treatment when applied in different systems. In this study, we investigated the degradation kinetics of HP in biofilters from water recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). The potential effect of HP on the nitrification process in the biofilters was also examined. Biofilter elements from two different pilot‐scale RAS were exposed to various HP treatments in batch experiments, and the HP concentration was found to follow an exponential decay. The biofilter ammonia and nitrite oxidation processes showed quick recuperation after exposure to a single dose of HP up to 30 mg L^?1. An average HP concentration of 10–13 mg L^?1 maintained over 3 h had a moderate inhibitory effect on the biofilter elements from one of the RAS with relatively high organic loading, while the nitrification was severely inhibited in the pilot‐scale biofilters from the other RAS with a relatively low organic loading. A pilot‐scale RAS, equipped with two biofilter units, both a moving‐bed (Biomedia) and a fixed‐bed (BIO‐BLOK^®) biofilter, was subjected to an average HP concentration of ～12 mg L^?1 for 3 h. The ammonium‐ and nitrite‐degrading efficiencies of both the Biomedia and the BIO‐BLOK^® filters were drastically reduced. The filters had not reverted to pre‐HP exposure efficiency after 24 h, suggesting a possible long‐term impact on the biofilters.