Identification of levels of resistance to cassava root rot disease (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Botryodiplodia theobromae</Emphasis>) in African landraces and improved germplasm using <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> inoculation method

Cassava root rot disease is an increasing problem in Africa where yield losses of about 80% have been recorded. We evaluated 290 African landraces and 306 improved genotypes from the germplasm collections of the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), for sources of resistance using root slice laboratory assay. Disease severity was assessed quantitatively by direct percentage estimation (PS) and by use of a rating scale (RS). Both methods of assessment were compared for identification of variability in the germplasm, and genotypes were classified into response groups using an enlarged rank-sum method that combined the PS and RS assessments. The two scoring methods revealed continuous variation (P < 0.001) for resistance in the sets of germplasm. Disease assessments based on PS and RS were highly correlated in both the improved germplasm (r = 0.75) and the landraces (r = 0.72). Based on PS assessment, 50 improved genotypes (16.3%) and 53 landraces (18.3%) showed significantly lower disease scores than the resistant control. The rank-sum method separated each set of collections into highly resistant, resistant, moderately resistant, moderately susceptible, susceptible and highly susceptible groups. Fifty-nine improved genotypes (16.4%) and 61 African landraces (16.9%) were identified as either highly resistant or resistant. Generally, these genotypes exhibited resistance by limiting the growth of the pathogen (reduced amount of invaded surface area). This type of rate-reducing resistance is highly heritable and a quantitative trait which can be harnessed in breeding. Genotypes subsets were identified for further studies into the genetic basis of resistance to root rot disease.     

Mating system in an experimental garden composed of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) ethnovarieties

Crossing patterns were investigated in an experimental garden of ethnovarieties ofManihot esculenta (Euphorbiaceae) inPiracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. A model of evolutionary dynamics for cassava presupposes genetic recombination by means of crossing within cassava gardens as a source that amplifies genetic diversity. Quantitative analysis of mating system parameters was performed using progeny arrays assayed for eight allozyme markers. The multilocus outcrossing rate (t _m)estimate (0.915±0.04)revealed that outcrossing was prevalent, but that a low level of self-pollination also occurred. The multilocus outcrossing rate ranged from 0.69 to 1.00 among eight varieties. The high value found for the outcrossing rate indicates that the ethnovarieties studied are preferentially allogamous. Genetic recombination occurred through crossing within the cassava garden, in agreement with an assumption of the model of evolutionary dynamics for this species.     

Heredity of seventeen isozyme loci in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)

Summary Starch gel electrophoresis was used to assess isozyme polymorphism in two Manihot species. Crude extracts were obtained from leaves and pollen. Ten enzymes were examined for their polymorphism in a germplasm collection of 365 cultivated plus 109 wild accessions, mainly from Africa. The inheritance of these enzymes was examined using 13 intra and interspecific progenies. Seventeen polymorphic loci were found for the ten enzyme systems, with 59 alleles. All the markers showed disomic heredity and three linkage groups were identified.     

预切种式木薯排种机构设计与试验

针对当前预切种式木薯播种器存在充种效果差、合格指数低的问题，该研究设计了一种由落种滑板、主动辊筒、型孔摩擦带、支撑辊组、从动辊筒及储种箱等组成的预切种式木薯型孔摩擦带式精密排种机构。阐述了排种机构的基本结构和工作原理。对关键部件参数进行设计，通过理论分析确定影响排种机构充种性能的主要因素为型孔摩擦带型孔形状、型孔数量、型孔摩擦带安装倾角、型孔摩擦带速度以及种茎层厚度。基于离散元法（discrete element method,DEM）建立种茎群-型孔摩擦带仿真模型，通过单因素仿真分析各因素对充种性能及种茎群规律的影响。以充种合格指数和漏充指数为评价指标，通过二次回归正交旋转组合仿真分析确定最优参数，利用Design-Expert数据软件，建立各试验因素与评价指标的数学回归模型，并进行参数优化。结果表明，影响充种合格指数和漏充指数的因素主次顺序为型孔摩擦带速度、型孔摩擦带安装倾角和种茎层厚度，圆整后的最优参数为型孔摩擦带速度0.6 m/s、型孔摩擦带安装倾角45°，种茎层厚度250 mm，此时的模型预测充种合格指数为94.63%，漏充指数为3.42%，重充指数为1.95%。在最优参数下...     

猕猴桃果醋的研制

初步探讨了以榨汁后的猕猴桃果渣、玉米粉、麸皮为原料 ,经酒精发酵和醋酸发酵酿制猕猴桃果醋的生产工艺。结果表明 :猕猴桃鲜果渣与淀粉质原料以质量比 1∶ 1混合 ,添加 3g/ kg混合发酵剂和 1g/ kg醋酸菌 ,在 30～ 35℃下酒精发酵 6～ 9d,然后在 35～ 4 5℃下醋酸发酵 10～ 12 d,酿制出色泽棕红 ,果香突出 ,口味柔和协调的猕猴桃保健果醋     

削皮、水洗和干燥温度对木薯淀粉纯度和淀粉糊化粘度的影响

木薯在热带地区是碳水化合物的主要来源。木薯淀粉的品质受许多因素的影响。本项研究着重探讨淀粉提取过程中，削皮、水洗、干燥温度对淀粉纯度、白度和淀粉糊化粘度的影响。结果表明，未削皮的淀粉样品色发灰，但具有比削皮处理高的峰值粘度、95℃最后粘度、50℃时粘度、峰值降和持久性。增加水洗次数，不但能增加淀粉纯度，还可提高淀粉高峰值粘度、95℃最后粘度、50℃时粘度、持久性和糊化温度。不同干燥温度对淀粉白度无影响，但淀粉纯度随干燥温度的提高而稍稍增加。通常高的干燥温度有高的峰值粘度、95℃最后粘度、峰值降、50℃时粘度和持久性。     

木薯离体培养的研究

以本薯茎段作为外植体进行快速离体繁殖研究。于MS 6—BA0．05mg/L GA30．05mg／L NAA0．02mg/L中进行诱导腑芽的生长和继代培养，诱导和增殖效果较好，于MS 6—BA0．05mg／L NAA0．02mg／L MET4mg／L中进行生根培养，植株矮壮，根系发达。     

木薯块根淀粉积累分子机制综述

该文综述了相关的淀粉合成机理以及调控木薯淀粉合成关键酶的生化特性基因调控研究进展,认为人们对木薯淀粉的生物合成机理、关键酶的生化特性与表达调控等方面有了很大的突破。     

木薯外植体表面灭菌与增殖培养的研究

[目的]筛选出适合木薯组织培养的灭菌体系,为加快木薯组织快繁提供科学依据。[方法]以木薯品种GR891的腋芽为外植体,研究经甲基托布津杀菌剂处理和无处理外植体分别采用不同组合、不同处理时间对其表面灭菌的效果,同时研究6-BA和6-BA与NAA组合对丛芽诱导培养效果的影响。[结果]经甲基托布津杀菌剂处理后用体积分数75%乙醇消毒10 s＋质量分数0.1%升汞处理8 min效果最好,外植体存活率为61.3%;以MS＋6-BA 1.5 mg/L＋糖30 g/L＋琼脂6.5 g/L培养基诱导培养芽效果最好,有的丛芽能达到7～9株,丛芽生长速度快,健壮。[结论]建立了木薯GR891组织培养外植体灭菌与增殖培养体系。     

蚕豆粉渣膳食纤维提取及功能性质研究

以蚕豆渣为原料,通过单因素试验和L9(34)正交试验得出用碱法和酶-碱法提取水不溶性膳食纤维的最佳工艺条件,并测定了2种方法制取的水不溶性膳食纤维的溶胀性和持水性。结果表明,碱法最佳工艺条件为:NaOH溶液浓度6g/100mL,碱浸温度50℃,碱浸时间40min;酶-碱法最佳工艺条件为:NaOH溶液浓度3g/100mL,碱浸温度60℃,碱浸时间50min,胰蛋白酶用量0.4g/100mL。酶-碱法制取的水不溶性膳食纤维具有较好的溶胀性和持水性。