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51.
Cassava root rot disease is an increasing problem in Africa where yield losses of about 80% have been recorded. We evaluated
290 African landraces and 306 improved genotypes from the germplasm collections of the International Institute of Tropical
Agriculture (IITA), for sources of resistance using root slice laboratory assay. Disease severity was assessed quantitatively
by direct percentage estimation (PS) and by use of a rating scale (RS). Both methods of assessment were compared for identification
of variability in the germplasm, and genotypes were classified into response groups using an enlarged rank-sum method that
combined the PS and RS assessments. The two scoring methods revealed continuous variation (P < 0.001) for resistance in the sets of germplasm. Disease assessments based on PS and RS were highly correlated in both the
improved germplasm (r = 0.75) and the landraces (r = 0.72). Based on PS assessment, 50 improved genotypes (16.3%) and 53 landraces (18.3%) showed significantly lower disease
scores than the resistant control. The rank-sum method separated each set of collections into highly resistant, resistant,
moderately resistant, moderately susceptible, susceptible and highly susceptible groups. Fifty-nine improved genotypes (16.4%)
and 61 African landraces (16.9%) were identified as either highly resistant or resistant. Generally, these genotypes exhibited
resistance by limiting the growth of the pathogen (reduced amount of invaded surface area). This type of rate-reducing resistance
is highly heritable and a quantitative trait which can be harnessed in breeding. Genotypes subsets were identified for further
studies into the genetic basis of resistance to root rot disease. 相似文献
52.
Crossing patterns were investigated in an experimental garden of ethnovarieties ofManihot esculenta (Euphorbiaceae) inPiracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. A model of evolutionary dynamics for cassava presupposes genetic recombination by means of crossing within cassava gardens as a source that amplifies genetic diversity. Quantitative analysis of mating system parameters was performed using progeny arrays assayed for eight allozyme markers. The multilocus outcrossing rate (t m)estimate (0.915±0.04)revealed that outcrossing was prevalent, but that a low level of self-pollination also occurred. The multilocus outcrossing rate ranged from 0.69 to 1.00 among eight varieties. The high value found for the outcrossing rate indicates that the ethnovarieties studied are preferentially allogamous. Genetic recombination occurred through crossing within the cassava garden, in agreement with an assumption of the model of evolutionary dynamics for this species. 相似文献
53.
Summary Starch gel electrophoresis was used to assess isozyme polymorphism in two Manihot species. Crude extracts were obtained from leaves and pollen. Ten enzymes were examined for their polymorphism in a germplasm collection of 365 cultivated plus 109 wild accessions, mainly from Africa. The inheritance of these enzymes was examined using 13 intra and interspecific progenies. Seventeen polymorphic loci were found for the ten enzyme systems, with 59 alleles. All the markers showed disomic heredity and three linkage groups were identified. 相似文献
54.
针对当前预切种式木薯播种器存在充种效果差、合格指数低的问题,该研究设计了一种由落种滑板、主动辊筒、型孔摩擦带、支撑辊组、从动辊筒及储种箱等组成的预切种式木薯型孔摩擦带式精密排种机构。阐述了排种机构的基本结构和工作原理。对关键部件参数进行设计,通过理论分析确定影响排种机构充种性能的主要因素为型孔摩擦带型孔形状、型孔数量、型孔摩擦带安装倾角、型孔摩擦带速度以及种茎层厚度。基于离散元法(discrete element method,DEM)建立种茎群-型孔摩擦带仿真模型,通过单因素仿真分析各因素对充种性能及种茎群规律的影响。以充种合格指数和漏充指数为评价指标,通过二次回归正交旋转组合仿真分析确定最优参数,利用Design-Expert数据软件,建立各试验因素与评价指标的数学回归模型,并进行参数优化。结果表明,影响充种合格指数和漏充指数的因素主次顺序为型孔摩擦带速度、型孔摩擦带安装倾角和种茎层厚度,圆整后的最优参数为型孔摩擦带速度0.6 m/s、型孔摩擦带安装倾角45°,种茎层厚度250 mm,此时的模型预测充种合格指数为94.63%,漏充指数为3.42%,重充指数为1.95%。在最优参数下... 相似文献
55.
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57.
[目的]筛选出适合木薯组织培养的灭菌体系,为加快木薯组织快繁提供科学依据。[方法]以木薯品种GR891的腋芽为外植体,研究经甲基托布津杀菌剂处理和无处理外植体分别采用不同组合、不同处理时间对其表面灭菌的效果,同时研究6-BA和6-BA与NAA组合对丛芽诱导培养效果的影响。[结果]经甲基托布津杀菌剂处理后用体积分数75%乙醇消毒10 s+质量分数0.1%升汞处理8 min效果最好,外植体存活率为61.3%;以MS+6-BA 1.5 mg/L+糖30 g/L+琼脂6.5 g/L培养基诱导培养芽效果最好,有的丛芽能达到7~9株,丛芽生长速度快,健壮。[结论]建立了木薯GR891组织培养外植体灭菌与增殖培养体系。 相似文献
58.
本研究利用以生木薯淀粉为唯一碳源的筛选培养基,从腐烂木薯渣中分离筛选出一株可以降解生木薯淀粉的真菌菌株RSDF-7。根据RSDF-7形态和18SrDNA与28SrDNA之间的内转录间隔区(internal transcribed spacer,ITS)序列分析的结果,初步认定该菌株为曲霉属。菌株RSDF-7的粗酶液对多种不同的生淀粉底物均有水解效果;在以大米和玉米淀粉为底物时,其生淀粉分解活力比较高,分别为42%和40%。菌株RSDF-7的粗酶液具有良好的低pH稳定性,对生木薯淀粉的最适作用温度为50℃,最适作用pH为4.5。在30min的吸附后,RSDF-7的粗酶液对生木薯淀粉的吸附力高达60%。使用HPLC对粗酶液的酶解产物进行检测,结果发现酶解产物中仅存在葡萄糖,表明菌株RSDF-7所产的生淀粉降解酶主要为糖化酶。扫描电镜观察结果发现,经RSDF-7粗酶液酶解后的生木薯粉颗粒破裂,形成空洞,说明RSDF-7粗酶液对生淀粉有较强的水解作用。可以预见,经纯化后的曲霉菌株RSDF-7生淀粉酶将来可以用于基于酶解的木薯淀粉转化。 相似文献
59.
Antonio C. Allem 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》1994,41(3):133-150
Summary Contrary to views that cassava (Manihot esculenta) is only known in cultivation an argument is made that wild accessions of the species grow over much of the American neotropics, in Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Venezuela, Guyana, and Surinam. Three subspecies are recognized. M. esculenta subsp. esculenta is the domesticate and includes all cultivars known in cultivation. The wild M. esculenta subsp. peruviana occurs in eastern Peru and western Brazil. The wild M. esculenta subsp. flabellifolia shows a wider distribution and ranges from the central Brazilian state of Goiás northward to Venezuelan Amazonia. The large area of distribution of the two wild subspecies makes it difficult to assign a place of initial domestication. 相似文献
60.