昆明自然条件下利用小麦×玉米诱导小麦单倍体的研究初报

为建立昆明自然条件下产生小麦单倍体的技术体系,将6个小麦材料和3个玉米材料在昆明自然条件下分期播种,并进行小麦×玉米杂交试验。结果表明,在昆明自然条件下,小麦、玉米杂交可于5月中旬开始,10月中旬结束,持续期长达6个月;由于玉米花粉充足,采用“滚粉”法授粉,可显著提高授粉效率,杂交颖果结实率达88.77%~98.4%;授粉后晴好天气下的颖果结实率和得胚率分别为88.77%和19.94%,是阴雨天的2倍以上;田间取穗剥胚时间以授粉后17~19 d为宜,此时80%以上的单倍体胚直径均在0.5 mm以上,部分已有初步分化;发育饱满的颖果得胚率平均为24.8%,是干瘪颖果的2.95倍;单倍体胚培养的幼苗在昆明不需越夏,5月中旬到6月中旬杂交获得的单倍体苗移栽加倍后一般可于当年9~11月收获加倍单倍体种子。因此昆明的自然条件可为利用小麦×玉米大量诱导小麦单倍体提供便利,同时也有利于通过大量试验进一步完善该技术。     

Variation in Rate and Duration of Growth Among Spring Barley Cultivars1

Ten two-rowed spring barley cultivars (Hordeum vulgare L.) were evaluated for growth parameters, i.e. crop growth rate, crop growth duration, grain filling rate, grain filling duration, vegetative growth rate, vegetative growth duration, single caryopsis filling rate, single caryopsis filling duration. Field studies were conducted on a sandy loam at Hohenschulen, Northern Germany with three levels of nitrogen fertilization and three sowing rates in 1986 to 1988. Cultivar effects were observed for all growth parameters except for crop growth rate and vegetative growth rate. But only crop growth duration n and grain filling duration showed positive correlations with grain yield. No growth rate parameter was related to yield. Biomass was correlated to crop growth duration and not to crop growth rate, while average caryopsis weight was strongly related to caryopsis filling rate and only moderately to caryopsis filling duration. Comparing grain filling rate and duration to individual caryopsis filling rate and duration, only grain filling rate and duration appeared to be relevant to grain yield. Since genetic variability for crop growth rate was lacking in the spring barley material tested, further improvement of yield would only result from increase in harvest index and/or longer crop growth duration.     

Structural and Histochemical Characterization of Developing Rice Caryopsis

The development of pericarp, seed coat, starchy endosperm and aleurone of the rice caryopsis was investigated, histochemically and structurally, from the time of flowering to maturity. The results showed that during its growth, the maximum length of the caryopsis was attained first, followed by width and then thickness. Histochemical examination of the caryopsis showed that starch was mainly accumulated in the endosperm, but the endosperm showed no metabolic activity, while embryo and pericarp contained a few starch grains, and embryo and aleurone were strongly active. Aleuronic cells contained many aleurone grains and spherosomes, and aleurone in the dorsal region developed earlier and contained more layers of cells. Amyloplasts in endosperm contained many starch granules and were spherical at early stages but polyhedric at late stages. The protein bodies appeared later than amyloplasts, and the number of protein bodies in subaleurone was greater than those in the starchy endosperm. The white-belly portion of endosperm might be relative to the status of amyloplast development.     

江苏省杂草稻的颖果显微结构观察

通过观察江苏省杂草稻不同成熟时期颖果颜色的变化,发现其颖果在未完全成熟前,与籼稻9311颖果的颜色是一致的,都表现为绿色;一旦成熟后,9311颖果表现为黄白色,而江苏省杂草稻颖果表现为红色,且随着颖果的不断成熟红色素不断积累.同时,采用徒手切片和石蜡切片方法,进行了江苏省杂草稻受精7 d后颖果和成熟后颖果,以及9311成熟颖果的解剖结构对比观察,阐明了其红色素的沉积部位,结果表明江苏省杂草稻红色素主要沉积在果皮中,但种皮中也有少量沉积.     

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Treatments on Filling and Respiratory Rate of Caryopsis in Rice

An experiment was conducted to study the effects of nitrogen （N） rate and application time on grain filling and respiratory trait of caryopsis in two rice varieties, IR36 and Dali. The treatments were consisted of no N application topdressing at both tillering and booting stages （CK）, 6 g/pot of N topdressing at the tillering stage and 2 g/pot of N topdressing at the booting stage, 2 g/pot of N topdressing at the tillering stage and 6 g/pot of N topdressing at the booting stage. The results showed that the proper utilization of N fertilizer can be helpful to maintain the higher water content, higher respiratory rate and higher dehydrogenase activity of rice caryopsis in late filling phase, and prolong the course for filling and maintaining higher respiratory rate and dehydrogenase activity of rice caryopsis. More N application at booting was more effective compared to more N application at tillering.