冷藏和热加工对鲢肌肉主要滋味活性物质的影响

以鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)为原料,通过滋味活性值(taste active value,TAV)和味精当量(equivalent umami concentration,EUC)2种滋味表征方法,研究冷藏和热加工对鲢肌肉中滋味活性物质的影响。结果表明:鲢肌肉中主要滋味活性物质是谷氨酸(Glu)、组氨酸(His)、肌苷酸(IMP)、钾和钠。在5℃冷藏过程中,IMP含量迅速下降,次黄嘌呤(hypoxanthine,Hx)和Glu含量增加,His、K、Na含量基本不变。新鲜鲢肌肉在100℃加热30min后,IMP含量迅速降低,而其他滋味活性物质含量的变化相对较小。鲜味氨基酸和核苷酸及其降解产物的协同作用对加热后的鲢肌肉的鲜味贡献非常显著,EUC达到0.4g MSG/100g。冷藏不同时间后再加热,鲜味活性物质对鲢肌肉的鲜味贡献程度在冷藏3d内较缓慢下降,在第5天急剧下降。苦味活性物质对加热后的鲢肌肉的苦味贡献程度随冷藏时间延长逐渐上升。     

FGF1a（fibroblast growth factor 1a）基因对镜鲤（Mirror carp）鳞被发育的影响

成纤维生长因子FGF1a（fibroblast growth factor 1a）是一类重要的生长因子,在细胞的发育过程中起着重要的作用。用实验室镜鲤EST数据库设计包含该基因CDS全长的特异引物,得到了FGF1a基因的全长CDS。经过克隆测序发现,镜鲤FGF1a基因全长的CDS包含444个碱基,其编码一个含有146个氨基酸的蛋白质,包含一个受体结合位点。与其它物种序列比对结果表明,镜鲤FGF1a蛋白与斑马鱼相似度最高,而与其亲缘关系较远的人类、老鼠、非洲爪蟾蜍及鸡相似度较低。根据所获得的基因序列设计探针,利用原位杂交技术发现FGF1a基因在鱼刚长鳞片的皮肤上表达较高,说明该基因可能参与鳞被发育;而同时在尾鳍、背鳍和腹鳍中也有特异的高表达信号,说明FGF1a可能也参与鳍条的发育过程。     

Ovarian development and related changes in steroid hormones in female wild common carp (Cyprinus carpio carpio), from the south‐eastern Caspian Sea

Wild common carp (Cyprinus carpio carpio) is a native valuable but threatened species from the south‐eastern Caspian Sea in which the endocrine control of its reproduction has not been studied. The objectives of this research were to study the reproductive strategy and changes in steroid hormones during ovarian development. From October 2009 to June 2010, 65 adult females were caught from the Golestan coast (Iran) and the ovarian histology, and gonadosomatic and hepatosomatic indices (GSI and HSI) were studied. Also, the plasma profiles of steroid hormones including testosterone (T), 17β‐estradiol (E2) and 17α‐, 20β‐dihydroxyprogesterone (DHP) were measured by radioimmunoassay. The GSI increased gradually during sampling times and reached maximum value at the peak of reproduction season, but the HSI decreased during spawning season. All stages of ovarian development, except the stage of Balbiani bodies, were recorded macro‐ and microscopically. Spent fish were caught at six of nine sampling times. The peaks of spawning were at late winter and early spring. The results of this study showed that the majority of wild carp collected during the sampling period displayed asynchronous oocyte development. Plasma T showed no significant differences during sampling times or at different stages of ovarian development. The level of E2 decreased gradually during sampling times reached minimum value at the spawning season, and highest value was recorded at tertiary vitellogenesis stage. The plasma levels of DHP during late winter and early spring were significantly higher than those of other sampling periods and its maximum level associated with oocyte maturation stage.     

草鱼点状产气单胞菌单克隆抗体的制备与双抗原夹心ELISA法的建立

为了建立一种快速、准确能早期检测草鱼肠炎病原菌的方法,以患病草鱼为材料,制备点状产气单胞菌单克隆抗体(McAb),并鉴定其特异性和抗原表位;采用过碘酸钠方法,以辣根过氧化物酶标记单抗,用试管凝集试验测定其活性;建立点状产气单胞菌McAb的双抗原夹心ELISA检测方法,确定包被单抗和酶标单抗的浓度,并测定其灵敏度和特异性。结果:1)获得了2株特异性强和抗原表位不同的单抗,其ELISA效价为1∶16 000。2)辣根过氧化物酶标记的抗体活性为1∶640。3)建立了包被抗体稀释度为1∶800、酶标抗体稀释度为1∶1 600的双抗原夹心ELISA检测方法,该方法与点状产气单胞菌呈强阳性反应,与近似菌无交叉反应,灵敏性为7×103cfu/mL。结论:制备的点状产气单胞菌McAb的效价高、特异性强;建立的双抗原夹心ELISA方法操作简单、灵敏度高、特异性强,可应用于草鱼肠炎病原体的早期快速检测。     

水库鲮和罗非鱼谷胱甘肽转移酶基因表达量与水中蓝藻含量的关系

采用荧光定量的方法对不同季节广州显岗水库鲮(Cirrhinus molitorella)和尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochro-mis niloticu)肝脏中去毒酶基因谷胱甘肽转移酶GST基因的表达情况,并结合不同季节鱼类摄入蓝藻量进行研究,旨在了解鱼体中GST基因的表达量与水体中蓝藻含量的内在联系。结果表明,4月份水库蓝藻暴发,也是鲮和尼罗罗非鱼摄食产毒蓝藻量最多的月份。GST基因的表达情况是:4月份鲮GST基因表达量比其他月份低,可能与鲮对有毒蓝藻的敏感性和耐受力有关,4月份尼罗罗非鱼GSTA及GSTR2表达量最高;其他月份,鲮GSTT表达量最高,而GSTK表达量较低,尼罗罗非鱼GSTA及GSTR2表达量相对较低。结果表明鲮GSTT在去毒过程中起重要作用,但作为环境检测的生物标记,仅适用于环境中藻毒素较低的情况。尼罗罗非鱼GSTA和GSTR2的表达量与食物中的产毒蓝藻生物量多少成正比,因此,尼罗罗非鱼GSTA及GSTR2可作为环境中藻毒素的生物标记,且尼罗罗非鱼可摄入大量有毒蓝藻,通过GST基因去除有毒蓝藻毒性,可用于生物控藻,改善水质。     

Effect of dietary lipid level on growth, feed utilization and body composition by juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

A study was undertaken to determine the effect of dietary lipid level on growth, feed efficiency and body chemical composition of juvenile grass carp. Seven isonitrogenous diets (400 g kg^?1 crude protein) containing seven dietary lipid level (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 g kg^?1 dry matter) were fed to triplicate groups of 40 fish with initial weight 6.52 g, for 70 days. No obvious and assured essential fatty acid deficiency symptom appeared in fish fed the lipid‐free diet. Excess dietary lipid level (100 and 120 g kg^?1) resulted in decreased feed intake. The best growth performance and feed utilization was observed in fish fed 20–40 g kg^?1 dietary lipid. The fish fed a lipid‐free diet had the lowest protein efficiency and protein retention. Growth performance and feed utilization increased with the increasing dietary lipid levels up to 40 g kg^?1 dietary lipid. Higher dietary level (above 40 g kg^?1) made growth performance and feed utilization decrease and no protein sparing effect was observed. Lipid retention decreased as dietary lipid level increased. Mesenteric fat index (MFI) increased, hepatosomatic index (HSI) decreased with dietary lipid level. The increased MFI and simultaneous decrease lipid retention can be explained by differences in growth. The effect of dietary lipid levels on the chemical composition of tissues was significant only for whole body and muscle. The excess lipid content of liver in all groups was regarded as a slight symptom of fatty liver, which was partly identified by microscopic structural study and lower plasma lipid indexes, comparing to the initial plasma data. In conclusion, grass carp is a fish with low energy requirement and excess dietary lipid level should be avoided.     

Effect of substitution of dietary fishmeal by soya bean meal on different sizes of gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio): nutrient digestibility,growth performance,body composition and morphometry

Four 70‐day growth trials were performed to investigate the effects of substitution of dietary fishmeal (FM) by soya bean meal (SBM) in different sizes of gibel carp CASIII (Carassius auratus gibelio). The initial weights of fry, juvenile, 1‐year fish and broodstock of gibel carp were 0.8, 5.0, 62.7 and 135.6 g, respectively. In each trial, eight diets were formulated to be iso‐nitrogenous and iso‐energetic, and different levels of soy bean meal protein were used to replace fishmeal protein at 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%. Another diet containing all SBM protein and supplemented with crystalline amino acids was also tested. The results showed that apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter and energy decreased with SBM substitution while the ADCs of phosphorus increased. The ADCs of protein of high SBM substitution were higher than those of FM groups. Juveniles show lower ADCs than grown‐up fish. Dietary SBM substitution showed negative effects on survival, growth and feed utilization in gibel carp. One‐year fish and broodstock gibel carp have relatively higher tolerance to dietary SBM than fry and juveniles.     

草鱼出血病发生风险半定量评估模型的构建

本研究通过调查、分析草鱼出血病发生的各种风险因素,初步构建该病发生的风险评估模型,旨在为防控疾病提供决策依据。该模型包括由层次分析法构建的指标体系,以德菲尔法确定的各风险因素权重,由综合评价法表述的风险评估结果。构建的草鱼出血病风险指标体系包括9个目标层,即鱼种(B1)、免疫(B2)、水质(B3)、放养密度(B4)、水温(B5)、饲养管理(B6)、发病史(B7)、天气(B8)、池塘状况(B9);26个风险指标层,主要包括如鱼种是否带毒(C1)、是否免疫(C4)、免疫时健康状况(C6)、放养密度(C13)、水温(C14)、近年来发病情况(C19)等。目标层风险因素权重值集合为W={0.167;0.202;0.124;0.109;0.101;0.097;0.092;0.081;0.064},其中免疫和鱼种权重值最高。采用综合评价法表示风险评估结果,其函数模型为,ij ij得出华中地区、西南地区和华南地区发生草鱼出血病的风险值分别是0.699、0.690、0.568,与实际调查结果相符,即采取免疫接种措施后华南地区发生草鱼出血病的风险较华中和西南地区低。     

复合酶制剂对异育银鲫生长和饲料表观消化率的影响

选择360条体重6.71g左右的健康异育银鲫研究在基础饲料中分别添加0、100、200mg/kg和400mg/kg的复合酶制剂对异育银鲫生长和营养物质表观消化率的影响。试验期为56d。试验结果表明,添加200mg/kg复合酶制剂组异育银鲫的增重率和特定生长率最大,显著高于对照(P<0.05);且该组异育银鲫对饲料粗蛋白质、磷及能量表观消化率最高,饲料系数最低,显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。说明添加200mg/kg复合酶制剂可显著提高异育银鲫对饲料的表观消化率,促进异育银鲫的生长,同时有效降低饲料系数。     

三种复方中草药对鲫血清、肝胰脏及脾脏中溶菌酶活性的影响

在水温18℃下研究了三种复方中药（AB、CD、AH）作为饲料免疫添加剂对体质量（44.6±0.2）g 1＋龄健康鲫（Carassius auratus）血清、肝胰脏和脾脏中溶菌酶活性的影响。试验鱼分为3组,每天按体质量的2.0%分别投喂添加了3种中药复方的饲料,对照组投喂基础饲料,每组均设相同数量的鱼做平行,连续饲喂28 d,停食1d后采集血液及组织样品,测定溶菌酶活性。结果显示：3种复方中药都能提高鲫体内溶菌酶活性。其中AB组提高血清中溶菌酶活性效果显著,AB、CD组对肝胰脏中溶菌酶活性的提升效果显著,3种复方中药对鲫脾脏中溶菌酶活性的提升均效果显著,说明3种复方中药均可增强鲫免疫力,有进一步研究和应用的价值,但对不同组织溶菌酶活性的影响不同,提示中药作用效果和机理的差异。