Increasing pre‐acclimation temperature reduces the freezing tolerance of winter‐type faba bean (Vicia faba L.)

Autumn‐sown winter‐type faba bean (Vicia faba L.) has been shown to have a yield advantage over spring sowing. Still, adoption of this overwintered pulse crop remains limited in temperate locations, due to inadequate winter hardiness. This research sought to understand how the prevailing temperature during emergence and seedling development, that is pre‐acclimation, influences freezing tolerance. Seedlings grown under a controlled “warm” 17/12°C (day/night) pre‐acclimation environment were initially less freezing tolerant than those grown under a “cold” 12/5°C temperature treatment. Stem and particularly root tissues were primarily responsible for slower cold acclimation, and there was a genotype specific response of above‐ground tissues to pre‐acclimation treatment. Both above and below‐ground tissues should be tested across a range of pre‐acclimation temperatures when screening faba bean germplasm for freezing tolerance.     

Marker‐assisted introgression of rare allele of β‐carotene hydroxylase (crtRB1) gene into elite quality protein maize inbred for combining high lysine,tryptophan and provitamin A in maize

Vitamin A deficiency in humans is a widespread health problem. Quality protein maize (QPM) is a popular food rich in lysine and tryptophan, but poor in provitamin A (proA). Here, we report the improvement of an elite QPM inbred, HKI1128Q for proA using marker‐assisted introgression of crtRB1‐favourable allele. HKI1128 was one of the parental lines of three popular hybrids in India and was converted to QPM in our earlier programme. Severe segregation distortion for crtRB1 was observed in BC₁F₁, BC₂F₁ and BC₂F₂. Background selection by 100 SSRs revealed mean recovery of 91.07% recurrent parent genome varying from 88.78% to 93.88%. Across years, introgressed progenies possessed higher mean β‐carotene (BC: 9.22 µg/g), β‐cryptoxanthin (BCX: 3.05 µg/g) and provitamin A (proA: 10.75 µg/g) compared to HKI1128Q (BC: 2.26 µg/g, BCX: 2.26 µg/g and proA: 3.38 µg/g). High concentration of essential amino acids, viz. lysine (mean: 0.303%) and tryptophan (0.080%) in endosperm, was also retained. Multi‐year evaluation showed that introgressed progenies possessed similar grain yield (1,759–1,879 kg/ha) with HKI1128Q (1,778 kg/ha). Introgressed progenies with higher lysine, tryptophan and proA hold immense potential as donors and parents in developing biofortified hybrids.     

不同播期东农42产质量性状动态变化规律研究

本试验通过高蛋白品种东农42的六个播期试验,对品质性状和部分产量性状动态取样分析进行研究。确定不同播期对大豆产质性状影响,为指导大豆生产实践提供理论基础。试验通过对大豆东农42在六个不同播种时期的形态及产质量性状中的九个性状进行动态取样和测量,并通过EXCEL和SPSS10.0对试验数据进行统计分析。通过东农42不同播期动态规律研究表明：不同播期之间对品质性状、产量性状和形态性状影响均较大。随着播期推迟,品质性状蛋白质含量增加,油分含量减少;产量性状的单株荚数、鲜粒荚比降低,而鲜皮荚比升高;形态性状的主茎节数降低。但其它一些性状受环境光温条件和降水量影响较大,如株高,平均鲜粒重和平均鲜荚重等。本实验证明,黑龙江省哈尔滨地区大豆的适宜播种期在4月底至5月上中旬,如果播期太晚,会严重影响大豆产量。     

The use of grain protein deviation for identifying wheat cultivars with high grain protein concentration and yield

The relationship between grain protein concentration and grain yield in different cultivars of winter wheat was examined in a series of field experiments carried out over three years, in which 13, 12 and 8 cultivars were studied in each year, respectively. The plants were grown at sites located in Shropshire, west-central England, in years 1 and 2, and at three other locations in eastern England in year 3. Above ground plant samples were collected at an thesis and again at maturity, when they were separated into grain and straw, and analysed for dry matter and N content. Analysis of residuals from regression of grain protein concentration on grain yield (grain protein deviation, GPD) showed that some cultivars had a higher grain protein concentration than was predicted from grain yield alone. It was deduced that the capacity to accumulate a higher grain protein concentration than predicted from grain yield is under genetic control and thus may be improved through breeding. Other factors (weight of N accumulated in the biomass at anthesis, weight of N accumulated in the biomass between anthesis and maturity and the concentration of N remaining in the straw at maturity) were added step-wise into the regression to enable statistical analysis of their relative contributions to grain protein. High GPD may be achieved through increased N accumulation after anthesis, combined with efficient re-translocation of vegetative N reserves. The use of GPD provides a selection criteria in wheat breeding programs to screen for increased grain protein concentration without a concurrent grain yield reduction. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

寒地早粳品种稻瘟病抗性与产量性状的关系

采用寒地早粳近5年审定和参加黑龙江省区域试验、生产试验的水稻品种316个为材料,对稻瘟病抗性与水稻生育特性、产量性状的相关关系进行了研究。结果表明,无论在人工接种还是在自然感病条件下,寒地早粳品种的叶瘟、穗颈瘟与生育日数、活动积温呈极显著负相关,平均相关系数分别达到-0.2647、-0.1796和-0.2090、-0.1743;叶瘟、穗颈瘟与穗长呈极显著负相关,平均相关系数为-0.3027和-0.2765,而与平方米穗数呈显著正相关,平均相关系数达到0.1953和0.1481,穗颈瘟与产量呈显著负相关,相关系数为-0.1792。表明在寒地稻作区生育日数越长、活动积温越高叶瘟和穗颈瘟的发病越轻,平方米穗数越多稻瘟病越重,品种抗病性越强产量越高。因此,通过对品种生育性状的适当选择,在寒地稻作区完全可以选育出既高产又抗病的水稻新品种。     

黄土丘陵区不同退耕模式对土壤物理性状影响研究—以甘肃定西市为例

甘肃定西全面实施退耕还林近10年来,取得了显著的成效。本文以退耕还林重点地区定西市安定区为例,通过采集、实地调查取样和实验室分析,对比研究了不同退耕植被类型地与对照地（农田和天然草地）的土壤物理性状的变化情况。包括土壤的含水量、容重、土壤孔隙度、土壤水稳性团聚体结构。研究结果表明：天然草地和柽柳的含水量最高,分别为13.44%和13.52%。农田和山杏的含水量最低为8.01%和8.2%。0～60cm不同土层中柠条的容重最小且变化不大,农田的上下变化最大。在20～60cm退耕还林地的孔隙度均高于天然草地和农田,天然草地和农田非毛管孔隙度小且上下变化大,不利于土壤入渗。刺槐、柠条、柽柳的水稳性团聚体的含量最多,分别是农田的3.4、2.8和2.4倍。退耕还林以后,林地的土壤物理性状得到明显的改善,与农田和天然草地相比,刺槐,柠条的改良效果最好。因此对退耕还林地区进行植被恢复过程中,要深入了解当地的土壤环境特征,做到因地制宜,适地适树。     

小麦收获前种子发芽敏感性配合力的研究

选用5个收获前穗发芽敏感性不同的白皮小麦亲本品种,进行双列杂交,研究了发芽敏感性的配合力。结果表明:小麦收获前种子发芽敏感性同时受加性和非加性基因效应影响,而加性基因效应起主导作用;亲本品种发芽敏感性的一般配合力存在极显著差异,杂交组合的特殊配合力和反交效应方差则有时显著,有时不显著;白皮小麦杂交当代种子,以     

陕南秦巴山地退耕还林工程综合效益评价

为了解退耕还林工程带来的效益,基于2001—2014年陕南地区退耕还林工程的现状,参考国内外有关效益评价指标体系的原则和方法选取指标,建立陕南退耕还林评价指标体系,应用层次分析法确定各项指标权重,利用效益评价模型从生态、经济、社会3个方面对退耕还林的综合效益进行定量评价。结果表明,陕南三市退耕还林效益指数曲线均呈上升趋势,说明退耕还林效益正逐渐、稳定地显现,尤其从2004年开始,退耕还林的效益显现尤为明显,增速加快。汉中、安康、商洛的综合效益较接近且呈现出同步上升的趋势,截至2014年,汉中市退耕效益最高,综合效益指数为0.6630,安康市居中为0.4985,商洛市最低为0.4260。陕南地区退耕还林综合效益逐步显现且仍将保持平稳增长的态势。     

鸡白细胞介素2的克隆及其序列分析

旨在从分子生物学角度进一步研究鸡免疫刺激因子白细胞介素2(IL-2),探究IL-2蛋白结构。根据GenBank发表的IL-2序列设计引物扩增IL-2基因,将其克隆到p GM-T载体后进行鉴定,鉴定正确的pT-IL-2重组质粒,然后对其进行序列分析。应用生物信息学软件对IL-2序列进行跨膜区、磷酸化位点、氨基酸序列、开放阅读框进行分析和IL-2蛋白的三级结构进行预测。核苷酸序列测定结果表明:IL-2基因片段为430 bp,编码143个氨基酸。生物信息学分析结果表明:本实验获得的IL-2基因编码的蛋白质中含有1个丝氨酸和3个苏氨酸,这可能成为蛋白激酶磷酸化的位点。IL-2蛋白可能在5~28位含有跨膜区。其蛋白二级、三级结构预测结果显示其属于亲水性蛋白,多为α-螺旋、β-转角和N端无规卷曲结构。该结果为IL-2的分子生物学探究奠定了基础。