50～75日龄番鸭日粮限制性氨基酸水平研究

本试验旨在研究日粮不同赖氨酸粗蛋白质比例和蛋氨酸(含硫氨基酸)赖氨酸比例对50~75日龄番鸭生产性能、血清生化指标和肌肉品质的影响。试验选用1440只健康50日龄番鸭,随机分为9组,每组4个重复,每重复40只鸭,饲喂9种不同赖氨酸粗蛋白质比例(Lys/CP)(分别为5%、5.5%、6%)和蛋氨酸(含硫氨基酸)赖氨酸比例(Me(SAA)t/Lys)(分别为35%(75%)、40%(80%)、45%(85%))的玉米-豆粕型日粮。试验结束时,进行称重,每个重复挑选2只接近平均体重的番鸭进行采血和屠宰。结果显示:①Lys/CP对日均采食量(ADFI)、日均增重(ADG)影响显著,5%和5.5%组显著高于6%组(P<0.05);Me(tSAA)/Lys为40%(80%)的组ADFI显著高于45%(85%)组,40%(80%)组ADG显著高于其他两组,而料肉比显著低于其他两组;②Lys/CP为5%的组血清尿酸和甘油三酯含量显著高于(P<0.05)其他两组;Me(SAA)t/Lys对血清尿酸和甘油三酯含量影响不显著(P>0.05);日粮Lys/CP和Me(tSAA)/Lys对血清甘油三酯含量存在交互作用;③日粮Lys/CP为5.5%的组胸肌干物质(DM)含量显著高于其他两组,粗蛋白质(CP)含量显著高于6%组;Me(tSAA)/Lys为35%(75%)和40%(80%)的组胸肌CP含量显著高于45%(85%)组;日粮Lys/CP和Me(tSAA)/Lys对胸肌DM和CP含量存在交互作用;④日粮Lys/CP为5.5%和6%的组腿肌DM含量显著高于5%组,5.5%组腿肌CP含量显著高于其他两组;Me(tSAA)/Lys为40%(80%)和45%(85%)的组腿肌DM含量显著高于35%(75%)组;日粮Lys/CP和Me(tSAA)/Lys对腿肌DM和CP含量存在交互作用。     

牦牛放牧率对小嵩草高寒草甸不同植物类群地上生物量生产率的影响

2年的牦牛放牧试验表明:除不同植物本身的生理特性外,降水和地温是影响小嵩草高寒草甸两季草场不同植物类群地上生物量绝对生长率的关键因素。小嵩草高寒草甸两季草场地上总生物量的绝对生长率1999年在7月份最大;1998年,冷季草场各放牧处理的绝对生长率在8月份达到最大,暖季草场的对照组和轻牧组在7月份最大,中牧组和重牧组在8月份最大。不同植物类群地上生物量生长率的变化不尽相同。1998年,冷季草场禾草和莎草地上生物量的绝对生长率8月份达到最大,暖季草场禾草和莎草地上生物量的绝对生长率7月份达到最大,且9月份出现了营养的再次积累;1999年,冷季草场禾草地上生物量的绝对生长率在6月份和8月份出现了两个峰值,暖季草场禾草地生物量的绝对生长率在7月份达到最大。对杂草类而言,1998年冷季草场的绝对生长率6月份最大,暖季草场重牧组的绝对生长率8月份达到最大,其他各处理7月份达到最大;1999年重牧组杂草的绝对生长率在6月份达到最大,其他各处理杂草在8月份达到最大。     

Ontogenetic resource use and trophic dynamics of endangered juvenile Tachypleus tridentatus among diversified nursery habitats in the northern Beibu Gulf,China

Horseshoe crabs, the most well-known example of “living fossils”, are iconic and ecologically important macroinvertebrates in coastal and estuarine ecosystems. Their blood is a crucial resource for manufacturing Limulus or Tachypleus amebocyte lysate to detect bacterial endotoxins or fungal contamination in drug and medical devices. An enhanced understanding of their ecological roles and trophic interactions in the food webs is fundamental to facilitate resource management for the declining populations in Asia. Foraging information of the Asian species, however, is mainly derived from preliminary, scattered reports from a limited number of study locations. In this study, resource utilization, trophic niche dynamics, and trophic interaction of the juvenile tri-spine horseshoe crab, Tachypleus tridentatus (instars 1–12, approximately 0.5–8 years old) across ontogeny was assessed in diversified nursery habitats along the northern Beibu Gulf, China, using carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes. Our results suggest that: (i) T. tridentatus are ecological generalists given the vast range of carbon isotopic values and trophic niche width estimates exhibited between multiple instar groups; (ii) juvenile T. tridentatus across most habitat types predominantly assimilated energy from a variety of basal production sources in the food web, but primarily depended on sedimentary organic matter and seagrass resource pools; (iii) ontogenetic shifts in juvenile dietary proportions were evident, with decreased reliance on sedimentary organic matter, coupled with increased reliance on benthic macroinvertebrate grazers, detritivores, and omnivores with age; and (iv) nearly all juvenile instars occupied similar trophic positions in the food web with slight shifts in trophic position present with increasing size. Our findings indicate that resource availability and ontogenetic diet shifts strongly influence horseshoe crab trophic dynamics, and age should be accounted when formulating habitat conservation measures based on resource use for Asian horseshoe crabs.     

Comparison of the microbial communities of alpacas and sheep fed diets with three different ratios of corn stalk to concentrate

The objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics of ruminal microbial communities of alpacas (Lama pacos) and sheep (Ovis aries) fed three diets with varying ratios of roughage (corn stalk) to concentrate, 3:7 (LS), 5:5 (MS) and 7:3 (HS). Six alpacas (one-year-old and weighing 29.5 ± 7.1 kg) and six sheep (one-year-old and weighing 27.9 ± 2.7 kg) were used in this study, in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square experiment. Total protozoa concentration was determined under the microscope; total fungi and methanogens were assessed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and expressed as a percentage of total bacterial 16S rRNA gene copies; bacterial communities were investigated by targeted 16S rRNA gene (V3–V4 region) sequencing. The percentage of fungi was significantly higher in alpacas than in sheep under the LS diet, while the concentration of protozoa was significantly lower in alpacas under HS, MS and LS diets. The alpha diversity including Shannon, Chao l and ACE indices of bacterial communities was higher in alpacas than in sheep, under the LS diet. A total of 299 genera belonging to 22 phyla were observed in the forestomach of alpaca and sheep, with Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes dominating both animal species. Phyla Armatimonadetes and Fusobacteria, as well as 64 genera, were detected only in alpacas, whereas phyla Acidobacteria and Nitrospira, as well as 44 genera, were found only in sheep. The abundance of cellulolytic bacteria, including Butyrivibrio and Pseudobutyrivibrio, was higher in alpacas than in sheep under all three diets. These differences in the forestomach microbial communities partly explained why alpacas displayed a higher poor-quality roughage digestibility, and a lower methane production. Results also revealed that the adverse effects of high-concentrate diets (70%) were lesser in alpacas than in sheep.     

New technique of sex preselection for increasing female ratio in boar sperm model

In this study, we tried to optimize the porcine semen extender conditions to maximize the differences between live X chromosome-bearing (X) spermatozoa and to Y chromosome-bearing (Y) spermatozoa without a decline in the fertility rate at different pH conditions during storage. We observed the viability of X and Y boar spermatozoa in acidic (pH 6.2), original (pH 7.2), and alkaline condition (pH 8.2) for 5 days to investigate the effect of storage conditions on the X to Y spermatozoa ratio. The functional parameters of spermatozoa were also examined to evaluate sperm quality. Sperm motility was preserved at pH 7.2 and pH 6.2 for 3 days, while sperm motility at pH 8.2 decreased significantly after 2 days. Non-capacitated spermatozoa increased while capacitated spermatozoa decreased during storage. Sperm viability decreased significantly duration-dependent under all pH conditions, but there was no significant difference during storage at pH 6.2 and 7.2. The X: Y ratio of live spermatozoa in acidic condition was maximized (1.2:1) without affecting the sperm function and fertility-related protein expression after 2 days compared to original conditions. Moreover, insemination of sows using acidic extender increased the number of female pups on days 1 and 2 of preservation. These results indicate that the production of female offspring may increase when acidic BTS is used for 2 days without affecting the success rate of AI. Above all, this method is simple and economical compared to other methods.     

青海果洛高寒地区燕麦和小黑麦最佳混播比例筛选

为筛选出适合于三江源区燕麦(Avena sativa)和小黑麦(×Triticale Wittmack)混播比例,在青海省甘德县进行了燕麦与小黑麦不同混播处理的研究。结果表明,在供试的5个混播处理中,混播组合燕麦60%+小黑麦40%处理下的干草产量最高,为13 605 kg·hm^–2,显著高于单播(P <0.05),和燕麦50%+小黑麦50%处理差异不显著(P> 0.05)。燕麦60%+小黑麦40%处理下的燕麦株高最高,比燕麦单播提高6.5%。燕麦60%+小黑麦40%处理下的燕麦单株产量和单株地下生物量均显著高于燕麦单播和其他供试混播处理(P <0.05);小黑麦单株产量在燕麦40%+小黑麦60%处理下最高。燕麦60%+小黑麦40%处理下的燕麦和小黑麦的中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量均低于单播,粗蛋白含量最高。利用干草产量、粗蛋白含量、可溶性糖含量、淀粉含量、酸性洗涤纤维含量和中性洗涤纤维含量的相对值进行隶属函数值综合评价,得出混播处理的最佳比例为燕麦60%+小黑麦40%。     

The effects of low doses of Senna occidentalis seeds on broiler chickens

The effects of 0.5%, 0.3% and 0.1% w/w concentrations of Senna occidentalis (So) seed mixed with commercial ration were studied in 18 groups of 32 broiler chicks each, from 1 day to 49 days of age. Three groups were fed one of the rations throughout their lives (TL). Three other groups were fed one of the rations from the 1st to the 28th day of life (starter phase, SP), and the final 3 groups were fed one of the rations from the 29th to 49th day (finisher phase, FP). Each experimental group was matched by a control group fed the same diet over the same period but without the inclusion of So. All the animals were killed at 49 days of age, and blood was collected from 10 birds in each group for biochemical studies (ALT, AST, GGT, LDH, UA). A complete necropsy was performed on 3 birds from each group. No significant differences in the biochemical parameters in the serum were found between the control and experimental chicks, but animals treated with 0.5% So in groups FP and TL, gained less weight and chicks that received 0.3% So or 0.5% So in the ration throughout life (TL) had a larger feed conversion ratio. Besides this, degenerative changes were found in the striated skeletal muscle in the chest, in the myocardium and in the liver in the animals that received the higher concentrations of So seeds.     

苜蓿和沙打旺苗期需水及其根冠比

研究苜蓿和沙打旺苗期水分利用与根冠比例。结果表明,沙打旺叶片对土壤水分的瞬时利用效率均高于苜蓿。沙打旺地下部与地上部生物量比和根长/株高比在不同水分条件下亦高于苜蓿,尤其在低水分时。在高水分下苜蓿单位水分消耗所形成的生物量较多,随着土壤含水量的降低而大幅度减少。苜蓿具有较高的蒸腾速率和较快的根系生长速率,因而造成土壤水分的过快消耗。总之,高水分生长条件易于苜蓿生产效率的发挥,但沙打旺对土壤水分环境变化的稳定性较强。结合多年的研究成果和黄土丘陵区的实际情况,提出在不同立地条件下,沙打旺可以种植在该地区的坡地,而苜蓿则应在水分条件相对较好的川地种植。     

饲料糖脂比对拟穴青蟹仔蟹生长性能、体组成和消化酶活性的影响

本试验旨在研究饲料糖脂比对拟穴青蟹仔蟹生长性能、体组成和消化酶活性的影响。以初始体重为(41.4±0.3)mg的拟穴青蟹仔蟹为试验对象,分别投喂糖脂比为0.54、0.88、1.39、2.08和3.50的等氮(约44%)等能(约19.5 MJ/kg)饲料3周。结果表明:1)饲料糖脂比对拟穴青蟹仔蟹的终末平均体重(FABW)、成活率(SR)、增重率(WGR)以及特定生长率(SGR)均有显著影响(P0.05)。随着饲料糖脂比的增大,拟穴青蟹仔蟹的FABW、SR、WGR以及SGR均呈先升高后降低的趋势,且均是糖脂比1.39试验组最高,显著高于糖脂比0.54和3.50试验组(P0.05)。2)饲料糖脂比对拟穴青蟹仔蟹的水分、粗蛋白质和粗灰分含量没有显著影响(P0.05),而对粗脂肪含量的影响显著(P0.05),糖脂比0.54试验组的脂肪含量最高,显著高于糖脂比2.08和3.50试验组(P0.05)。3)饲料糖脂比对拟穴青蟹仔蟹的淀粉酶活性没有显著影响(P0.05),但显著影响蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性(P0.05)。随着饲料糖脂比的增大,蛋白酶活性呈先增大后减小的趋势,脂肪酶活性呈降低的趋势,糖脂比1.39试验组的蛋白酶活性显著高于其他试验组(P0.05),糖脂比0.54和0.88试验组的脂肪酶活性显著高于糖脂比2.08和3.50试验组(P0.05)。以增长率为评价指标,经回归分析得出拟穴青蟹仔蟹饲料的适宜糖脂比为2.07。