浙江省单拖渔业现状分析与研究

利用2001~2006年浙江省单拖渔业典型性调查数据和2005~2008年的单拖作业监测资料,从浙江省单拖捕捞力量和产量分布、渔获对象和资源密度变化及经济效益、劳动力组成等几个方面进行了初步分析。结果表明,近几年浙江省单拖作业船数保持在2200艘左右,产量在40×104t左右,单船净利润存在年间波动,以2005年最高;单拖作业渔场分布较广,渔获物以头足类和中下层鱼类为主;近年来经济鱼类比例下降,而其它低值鱼类比例上升。文章最后提出了当前浙江单拖渔业存在的问题,并提出了相应管理建议以供参考。     

铁铝土泥浆包覆与淬灭强化荔枝木炭化物的碳固存率

生物质炭作为一种富碳多孔材料,具有固碳、减污和培肥等多重功效。基于当前限氧高温热裂解制炭技术及炭改性方法,该研究以亚热带地区常见的荔枝木为原材料、选取铁铝土制成泥浆,通过泥浆包覆和淬灭实现生物质“自限氧”和“水”淬灭,探讨铁铝土泥浆在荔枝木炭化过程中的作用及其对炭质的影响机理。结果表明：铁铝土泥浆包覆和淬灭制得的荔枝木炭的碳含量和碳固存率最高,分别为83.5%和83.9%,较无包覆水淬灭炭品的碳含量和碳固存率提高了16.7和37.8个百分点。扫描电镜-能谱分析的结果表明,铁铝土泥浆包覆和淬灭生成的炭品的碳骨架结构规整且其表面有铁铝矿物负载。一方面,泥浆通过涂层包覆形成了包覆壳,以物理阻隔作用截留了碳（防止炭化物中的碳在持续燃烧中生成CO_X）;另一方面,铁铝矿物在高温热裂解过程中与炭化物结合,形成了矿质（Fe/Al）-碳质复合体,实现了碳固存。研究可为生物质炭的制备提供新的便捷、廉价的技术思路,以生物质就地炭化和应用的碳负排放方案助力碳中和。     

植物粟对模拟封存CO2泄漏的生理响应

碳捕集与封存（Carbon Capture and Storage,CCS）技术是近年来迅速发展的温室气体减排措施,是以煤为主的中国重要的战略性减排技术之一,减排量巨大。但是,CCS发展备受争议,其泄漏有可能会对周围生态系统尤其是结构单一的农田生态系统造成严重影响。本研究以北方地区主要粮食作物粟为试验对象,自主设计模拟地质封存CO₂泄漏盆栽试验,通过对植物生育期SPAD（叶绿素相对含量）、株高、根系以及产量、穗部特征等指标的观测,分析粟对CCS泄漏的响应。结果表明：（1）受CCS泄漏的影响,植物粟SPAD值显著降低,植株叶片叶绿素含量极显著下降（P＜0.01）。（2）CCS泄漏发生30d后粟的株高显著下降,根分支显著增加,植株受泄漏影响明显。（3）CCS泄漏显著降低了植株地上部干重和鲜重,但是泄漏对地下部鲜重无显著影响,地下部干重较地上部降幅偏小。（4）CCS泄漏影响下,植株粟产量下降34.92%。此外,CCS泄漏下植株穗长、穗粗、总粒重等农艺性状下降显著。     

水产养殖水下机器人研究进展

水产养殖是世界范围内食品领域发展最快的行业之一,为人类提供了超过一半的水产品.但是,水产养殖目前面临机械化、自动化程度较低以及产量及效率不高等问题,因此迫切需要转型升级.水下机器人是一种机动灵活的水下作业装备,与传统的水下作业手段相比,在作业方式、范围、适应能力等方面具有明显的优势,应用于水产养殖监测及作业后,有望改变...     

近海捕贝作业平台技术经济论证模型及应用

为了辅助一种近海捕贝作业平台的方案决策,使其达到较佳经济效果,以解决近海扇贝养殖捕捞生产中的能耗大、劳动强度高、捕捞效率低以及捕捞效果差的问题,该文根据给定的营运条件、捕捞能力和贝类资源情况,对其进行了技术经济论证研究。选取捕贝平台的拖网主机功率、平台跨距、平台锚次横移时间、平台总建造成本、平台拖网速度作为论证的参数,以单位面积捕捞油耗、单位捕捞成本、捕捞效率为经济评价指标,建立了近海捕贝作业平台技术经济论证模型。基于该模型利用比较论证方法对渔船捕捞方式与捕贝作业平台捕捞方式进行了经济性计算,然后对选取的技术经济参数进行了敏感性分析。结果表明：当平台拖网主机功率400～470 kW、平台跨距0.5～3.0 km、平台锚次横移时间2.0 h以下、平台捕捞拖网速度1.4 kn以上、平台总建造成本低于2750万元时,平台捕捞方案比渔船捕捞方案具有明显的优势。实例计算证明,利用该文提出的技术经济论证模型,通过比较分析论证方法,可得到捕捞作业平台的技术参数范围,为新型近海捕贝作业平台的技术参数设计与实施提供参考。     

Agronomic and economic response to furrow diking tillage in irrigated and non-irrigated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

The Southeast U.S. receives an average of 1300 mm annual rainfall, however poor seasonal distribution of rainfall often limits production. Irrigation is used during the growing season to supplement rainfall to sustain profitable crop production. Increased water capture would improve water use efficiency and reduce irrigation requirements. Furrow diking has been proposed as a cost effective management practice that is designed to create a series of storage basins in the furrow between crop rows to catch and retain rainfall and irrigation water. Furrow diking has received much attention in arid and semi-arid regions with mixed results, yet has not been adapted for cotton production in the Southeast U.S. Our objectives were to evaluate the agronomic response and economic feasibility of producing cotton with and without furrow diking in conventional tillage over a range of irrigation rates including no irrigation. Studies were conducted at two research sites each year from 2005 to 2007. Irrigation scheduling was based on Irrigator Pro for Cotton software. The use of furrow diking in these studies periodically reduced water consumption and improved yield and net returns. In 2006 and 2007, when irrigation scheduling was based on soil water status, an average of 76 mm ha⁻¹ of irrigation water was saved by furrow diking, producing similar cotton yield and net returns. Furrow diking improved cotton yield an average of 171 kg ha⁻¹ and net return by $245 ha⁻¹ over multiple irrigation rates, in 1 of 3 years. We conclude that furrow diking has the capability to reduce irrigation requirements and the costs associated with irrigation when rainfall is periodic and drought is not severe.     

中国海洋捕捞学科发展的研究

21世纪是海洋的世纪。然而，由于资源的过度利用、环境污染和全球气候变化，海洋渔业资源不断衰退，海洋捕捞业的发展遇到了困境。传统上海洋渔业主要研究学科之一的海洋捕捞学科，如何适应形势的发展，拓展研究领域，开创海洋捕捞学科研究的新局面，这是海洋捕捞学科面临的一个问题。本文从海洋捕捞学科的发展现状，海洋捕捞学科研究涉及的领域，海洋捕捞学科研究的发展方向，更新充实知识等方面进行探讨，提出关于海洋捕捞学科发展的一些有建设性的看法。     

H5亚型禽流感病毒反应原性差异及ELISA检测方法的研究

在获得禽流感病毒多克隆抗体及H5亚型特异性单克隆抗体的基础上,建立了H5亚型特异性抗原捕捉ELISA检测方法。通过分析不同单克隆抗体与不同禽流感毒株的反应性差异,筛选高特异性和高敏感性的H5亚型单克隆抗体。优化反应条件,确定包被抗体、检测抗体及酶标抗体的最佳工作浓度,进行敏感性、特异性、重复性及稳定性分析,并与斑点ELISA、H5N1多重RT-PCR或病毒分离鉴定的结果相比较,同时使用该方法对野外样品进行了检测。结果表明,该方法敏感、特异,具有良好的重复性和稳定性,可用于检测临床样品、鸡胚培养物及细胞培养物中的H5亚型禽流感病毒。     

振荡浮子式波浪能转换装置的优化计算

对振荡浮子式波浪能转换装置进行初步设计,并通过数值计算对装置结构进行优化,找出影响装置性能的主要因素,确定出在中国南海工况下装置性能最优的参数。结果显示,在中国南海常波周期5—6S附近,前港长Lfp和浮子长Lb对装置性能影响最大,是决定装置性能的主要因素;浮子吃水深度D和港内水深Dp是影响装置性能的次要因素,通过调整这两个参数,可在局部范围内改善装置性能;等深域水深H对装置性能几乎没有影响,建造装置选址时可不考虑这方面的因素。使装置性能最优的参数取值依次为：Lfp=4m,Lb=3m,D=2．5m,Dp=4．3m。     

Elite capture,the “follow-up checks” policy,and the targeted poverty alleviation program: Evidence from rural western China

Decentralized methods for targeting poverty are widely adopted in developing countries to improve the performance of various poverty alleviation programs. A common challenge for implementing successful decentralized targeting is the existence of elite capture. China has recently implemented a nationwide decentralized poverty targeting program, the targeted poverty alleviation(TPA) policy, to achieve the national goal of eliminating absolute poverty by the end of 2020. As the largest decentralized poverty targeting program in the world, TPA's successful implementation was believed to be threatened by elite capture in some earlier reports. Since 2015, a targeting correction mechanism, called "follow-up checks" policy, has been introduced. With the "follow-up checks" policy, the elites and other ineligible households who receive benefits under TPA were removed from the program. This paper investigates the elite capture phenomenon in TPA using village census data from a poverty-stricken county in 2017-two years after implementing the "follow-up checks" policy. We find no evidence of elite capture in TPA. The elites are unlikely to become beneficiaries or receive more benefits than non-elites. Our results contradict earlier findings that reported elite capture in TPA. We argue that the reason is the accountability emphasized by the central government in the "follow-up checks" policy. Our findings imply that having proper accountability is critical for improving targeting performance by global antipoverty initiatives.