Elite capture,the “follow-up checks” policy,and the targeted poverty alleviation program: Evidence from rural western China

Decentralized methods for targeting poverty are widely adopted in developing countries to improve the performance of various poverty alleviation programs. A common challenge for implementing successful decentralized targeting is the existence of elite capture. China has recently implemented a nationwide decentralized poverty targeting program, the targeted poverty alleviation(TPA) policy, to achieve the national goal of eliminating absolute poverty by the end of 2020. As the largest decentralized poverty targeting program in the world, TPA's successful implementation was believed to be threatened by elite capture in some earlier reports. Since 2015, a targeting correction mechanism, called "follow-up checks" policy, has been introduced. With the "follow-up checks" policy, the elites and other ineligible households who receive benefits under TPA were removed from the program. This paper investigates the elite capture phenomenon in TPA using village census data from a poverty-stricken county in 2017-two years after implementing the "follow-up checks" policy. We find no evidence of elite capture in TPA. The elites are unlikely to become beneficiaries or receive more benefits than non-elites. Our results contradict earlier findings that reported elite capture in TPA. We argue that the reason is the accountability emphasized by the central government in the "follow-up checks" policy. Our findings imply that having proper accountability is critical for improving targeting performance by global antipoverty initiatives.     

Arthropod Demography,Distribution, and Dispersion in a Novel Trap-Cropped Cotton Agroecosystem

Vernonia [Vernonia galamensis (Cass.) Less.] (Asterales: Asteraceae) was examined as a potential trap crop for the cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L., Malvales: Malvaceae) arthropod complex. Four rows of vernonia were embedded within a 96-row cotton field. The abundance of true bug pests, true bug predators, and spiders were determined by whole-plant and sweep net sampling procedures during the early, middle, and late phases of the cotton-growing season. The census data showed that the arthropods had a strong preference for the vernonia trap crop throughout the cotton-growing season. The movement of the arthropods from the trap crop into cotton was also measured using the protein immunomarking technique as a mark–capture procedure. The arthropods inhabiting the vernonia trap crop were marked directly in the field with a broadcast spray application of egg albumin (protein) during each phase of the study. In turn, the captured specimens were examined for the presence of the mark by an egg albumin-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Very few marked specimens were captured beyond the vernonia trap crop 1, 3, and 6 d after each marking event. The arthropods’ strong attraction and fidelity to vernonia indicate that it could serve as a trap crop for cotton pests and a refuge for natural enemies.     

近20年来陕西省农作物碳截获的时空特征

[目的]研究近20a陕西省农作物碳截获的时空特征及其影响因素,为区域生态系统碳循环研究提供参考依据。[方法]基于陕西省主要作物的产量、播种面积等数据,运用系数法、灰色关联模型等进行估算与分析。[结果](1)1991—2012年陕西省主要作物的碳截获量呈波动式增加,其中粮食作物的碳截获量大于经济作物,且粮食作物的年际波动比经济作物稳定。(2)研究区主要作物碳截获量及其变化存在明显的空间差异,4个地理区作物碳截获量的大小依次为:关中地区陕南地区陕北黄土高原区陕北风沙区,且除陕南地区外,其他3大区域的作物碳截获量都呈增加趋势。主要作物碳截获的重心位于西安和咸阳地区,呈由西南向东北方向移动的变化趋势。(3)在各因素中,作物的有效灌溉面积、旱涝保收面积和播种面积对其碳截获量的影响较大,且各因素与作物碳截获量的关联度存在明显的空间差异。[结论]陕西省作物生长过程中起到明显的碳汇作用,但其碳截获的增速小于中国大部分地区,提高有效灌溉率和人为投入,有利于增加作物的碳截获量,对缓解区域碳减排的压力具有现实意义。     

近海捕贝作业平台技术经济论证模型及应用

为了辅助一种近海捕贝作业平台的方案决策,使其达到较佳经济效果,以解决近海扇贝养殖捕捞生产中的能耗大、劳动强度高、捕捞效率低以及捕捞效果差的问题,该文根据给定的营运条件、捕捞能力和贝类资源情况,对其进行了技术经济论证研究。选取捕贝平台的拖网主机功率、平台跨距、平台锚次横移时间、平台总建造成本、平台拖网速度作为论证的参数,以单位面积捕捞油耗、单位捕捞成本、捕捞效率为经济评价指标,建立了近海捕贝作业平台技术经济论证模型。基于该模型利用比较论证方法对渔船捕捞方式与捕贝作业平台捕捞方式进行了经济性计算,然后对选取的技术经济参数进行了敏感性分析。结果表明：当平台拖网主机功率400～470 kW、平台跨距0.5～3.0 km、平台锚次横移时间2.0 h以下、平台捕捞拖网速度1.4 kn以上、平台总建造成本低于2750万元时,平台捕捞方案比渔船捕捞方案具有明显的优势。实例计算证明,利用该文提出的技术经济论证模型,通过比较分析论证方法,可得到捕捞作业平台的技术参数范围,为新型近海捕贝作业平台的技术参数设计与实施提供参考。     

Foraging pits of the short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus) as small-scale patches in a semi-arid Australian box woodland

Many animals create disturbances on the soil surface while constructing habitat and resting sites, or foraging for food. This soil disturbance, which is sometimes known as biopedturbation, is a major contributor to landscape patchiness in arid and semi-arid environments. In the semi-arid woodlands of eastern Australia, the Short-Beaked Echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus) creates a mosaic of foraging pits close to the canopies of large trees. The effects of pits on physical, chemical and biological properties of soils were compared at seven sites, each with two levels of disturbance (foraging pit vs. surface) and two canopy locations (under the canopy, in the open) associated with two tree species (Eucalyptus intertexta, Alectryon oleifolius). Foraging pits trapped twice the mass of litter compared with adjacent non-pit surfaces, and there was more litter under the tree canopies than in the open. Pits contained more bark and leaf material, and larger pits tended to trap more litter. Soil electrical conductivity levels were lower in the pits, and although there were greater concentrations of soil nutrients under the canopy, the concentrations of total carbon, nitrogen and sulphur were lower in the pits compared with the surface. Changes in litter mass did not explain differences in soil carbon, nitrogen or phosphorus. Soil in the pit was moister and more porous, and surface temperatures below the litter in the pits about 2 °C lower than at the surface. Respiration was about 30% greater in the pits, and both the early (sorptivity) and late (steady-state infiltration) stages of infiltration were significantly greater in the pits. Soil micro-arthropods were more abundant in the pits, which supported a different complement of taxa, but a similar diversity, to non-pit surfaces. Our results indicate that echidna foraging pits act as substantial resource traps. Given their extensive distribution in semi-arid woodlands, and their marked influence on soil biogeochemistry, echidnas should be seen as important ecosystem engineers in woodland critical for the maintenance of small-scale patchiness and, therefore, the efficient functioning of arid and semi-arid ecosystems.     

双环缝喷射共沉积SiC颗粒的捕获与分布研究

采用坩埚移动式喷射共沉积装置及其双环缝复合雾化器制备了SiC颗粒增强铝基复合材料坯件,研究了过程中增强颗粒的捕获机制及特点.实验结果表明,双环缝复合雾化器所引入的SiC颗粒捕获率较高,分布均匀;增强颗粒主要在雾化初时阶段被雾化液滴所捕获,而沉积坯表面因基本呈固相且温度较低,对SiC颗粒的直接捕获效果不明显;沉积坯快冷凝固界面前沿捕获对SiC颗粒的分布影响不大,SiC颗粒在沉积坯中的最终分布主要取决于由雾化液滴对增强颗粒的捕获,特别决定于SiC颗粒在单个雾化颗粒内部及空间雾化颗粒群中的分布.     

一种适用于数据库应用系统的错误捕获机制

针对 Powerbuilder 所提供的出错控制机制在应用系统运行中交互性差的问题而提出的一种通用错误捕获机制.     

长春地区池塘养殖扣蟹的试验研究

１９９４年夏季，作者在长春首次进行扣蟹养殖试验。共投放三期蟹苗２．５ｋｇ，约６０００只。出池时，回捕扣蟹６．４ｋｇ，回捕率为６．１％，扣蟹平均体重为１８．５ｇ／只。文中对养殖扣蟹的投饲，清塘，蟹池建设等问题进行了探讨。     

水产养殖水下机器人研究进展

水产养殖是世界范围内食品领域发展最快的行业之一,为人类提供了超过一半的水产品.但是,水产养殖目前面临机械化、自动化程度较低以及产量及效率不高等问题,因此迫切需要转型升级.水下机器人是一种机动灵活的水下作业装备,与传统的水下作业手段相比,在作业方式、范围、适应能力等方面具有明显的优势,应用于水产养殖监测及作业后,有望改变...