Larval feeding behaviour of the endangered fish golden bubblebee goodeid, Allotoca dugesi, implications for conservation of an endangered species

Abstract To improve survival of cultured juvenile fishes, it is important to understand prey preferences and predation behaviour of fish larvae. In this study, the feeding behaviour and prey preference of Allotoca dugesi (Bean), a small fish species endemic to Mexico and currently threatened with extinction are presented. Three zooplanktonic prey, viz. Brachionus calyciflorus (Pallas) , Moina macrocopa (Goulden) and Daphnia pulex (Leydig) were tested. The mean size (standard length ± SE, mm) of the larvae ranged from 9.0 ± 0.1 mm at week 1 to 18 ± 2 mm at the end of the experimental period (8 weeks). The gape size (mean ± SE) increased from 0.125 ± 0.002 mm at the first week to 2.300 ± 0.361 mm by the eighth week. Capture success (capture/attack) ranged from 0.80 to 0.98 with Brachionus , 0.72–0.94 with Moina and 0.17–0.46 with Daphnia . Prey preference experiments were conducted using B. calyciflorus, M. macrocopa and D. pulex at a fixed ratio of 5 : 2 : 2 ind. mL⁻¹, respectively, and revealed a positive selection for rotifers and Moina , but avoidance of Daphnia . The results are discussed with reference to conservation efforts for Allotoca dugesi .     

世界罗非鱼捕捞和养殖的动态特征研究

罗非鱼类原产于非洲和东南亚,具有生长迅速、耐粗食、肉质好等优点,目前已成为世界渔业的重要鱼品。世界罗非鱼生产以捕捞和养殖两种方式进行。九十年代,世界罗非鱼养殖业迅速崛起,养殖产量开始逐渐超过捕捞产量。世界罗非鱼养殖主要品种是尼罗罗非鱼。与此同时,世界罗非鱼的加工与贸易,亦有比较快速的发展。根据1981—2002年FAO关于罗非鱼捕捞和养殖的统计资料,分析了世界罗非鱼产业的动态特征,目前中国罗非鱼养殖年产量世界第一,有必要继续关注和提升中国罗非鱼养殖业发展的世界地位。     

气相色谱-电子捕获检测器测定电子废弃物处理场地底泥中的四溴双酚-A

通过优化分析仪器的条件设置,建立了使用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器技术分析四溴双酚-A（TBBP—A）的仪器分析方法。样品采用正己烷索氏提取、硅胶柱分离纯化、外标法定量,结果表明,测定方法在测量范围内具有良好的线性关系,测定的平均回收率为86．8％,检出限为5．0ng／ml,相对标准偏差为3．26％～8．77％：     

Pseudorabies virus infection in mink: a host-specific pathogenesis

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is an alphaherpesvirus that causes a neurological disease in many wild and domestic animals. The neuropathology elicited by PRV is quite consistent regardless of the host with the only exception of mink, in which it is characterized by a vasculopathy rather than by an encephalitis. In this study, we aimed to investigate the underlying pathogenic mechanism(s) of PRV infection in mink by using immunohistochemistry and laser capture microdissection (LCM) on material from naturally and experimentally infected animals. The inflammatory reaction induced by PRV was minimal or absent not only in the nervous system, where we identified a low number of macrophages and a few T lymphocytes, but also in the primary replication site, the oropharyngeal mucosa; however, the number of PRV-infected cells detected by immunohistochemistry was extremely high both in the peripheral mucosa and in the nervous tissue. On the other hand, the vascular pathology included parenchymal hemorrhages of various degrees and, in specific cortical areas of the brain, fibrinoid degeneration of the capillary walls. Detection of viral antigens by immunohistochemistry revealed infection of endothelial cells of capillaries situated both in the oropharyngeal mucosa and in the brain stem; the presence of PRV DNA in vessels was further demonstrated by PCR performed on LCM samples of brain capillaries. These results can be interpreted as supporting the idea that the different pathology of the disease in mink may be the consequence of an increased endotheliotropism of PRV in this species. Infection of the vessel wall may then lead to vascular pathology and impairment in endothelial cell function, resulting in a weak immune response to infection.     

GC-μECD法快速检测猪肉地西泮残留

[目的]利用气相色谱-微电子捕获（GC-μECD）检测法,快速检测猪肉中地西泮残留,为该类药物在动物性食品检测提供参考。[方法]首先用乙腈超声提取猪肉中的地西泮,C18固相萃取柱净化,利用GC-μECD法进行残留检测,外标法定量。[结果]在1-1000μg/L范围内药物色谱峰面积与浓度线性关系良好,相关系数达到0.9994。对空白猪肉进行1-50μg／kg范围的药物添加回收试验,平均回收率为83.5％-94.9％,日内变异系数为2.4％-8.1％,日间变异系数为3.9％-6.4％。检出限为0.31μ/kg,定量限为1μg/kg。[结论]该方法简便、快速,稳定性好,灵敏度高,线性范围广,适用于猪肉中地西泮的残留检测。     

二氧化碳输送管道关键技术研究现状

碳捕集与封存作为减少温室气体排放的重要手段成为全球研究热点,管道运输是该技术得以实施的关键环节。当CO2处于超临界或密相状态时,其具有液体的密度、气体的粘性和压缩性,对于管道运输是最有效率的。由于管输CO2的特殊性质,CO2输送管道与碳氢化合物输送管道存在不同;由于海洋环境的复杂性,CO2海上输送管道与陆地输送管道存在不同。系统总结了实现CO2管道输送需要解决的关键技术问题,着重介绍了CO2输送管道流动保障和延性断裂扩展领域的研究进展,指出CCS作为大规模减少温室气体排放的重要选项,开展与之相关的基础研究十分迫切。（图3,参44）     

橘园土壤中嘧菌酯的残留消解动态分析

为了了解嘧菌酯在柑橘园土壤中的消解动态规律,采用气相色谱-电子捕获检测法,对贵州、湖南、浙江3地的橘园土壤中嘧菌酯残留进行了检测,并建立了嘧菌酯在土壤样品中的残留检测体系.结果表明,在试验检测条件下,嘧菌酯的最小检出量为1×10-11 g,相对保留时间为4.86 min;添加回收率为98.3％～105.4％,变异系数为5.0％～7.2％,标准偏差为5.15％～7.15％,均能达到我国农药残留检测的要求;湖南、浙江、贵州柑橘园土壤中嘧菌酯的消解半衰期分别为14.0、13.2、11.6d.这表明在自然条件下,嘧菌酯在土壤中消解较快,不会造成土壤中累积性残留污染.     

浙江南部外海刺鲳资源合理利用的初步研究

根据2006年5月-2007年2月在浙江南部外海进行的4个季节底拖网渔业资源调查资料,利用FiSATⅡ软件估算了刺鲳的生长参数,分析了捕捞死亡系数（F）和开捕年龄（t）c的变化对刺鲳单位补充量（Y/R）所产生的影响。应用Beverton-Holt单位补充量渔获量方程估算刺鲳的最适开捕年龄,运用von Bertalanffy生长方程估算最适开捕叉长,结合刺鲳的生长拐点叉长、临界叉长和最小性成熟叉长确定开捕规格,最终对刺鲳资源的合理利用进行了初步探讨。研究结果表明：浙江南部外海刺鲳的生长参数为：L∞=192mm,K=0.69,t0=-0.67。开发率E达到0.8,已属于重度超额开发。根据研究结果,提出开捕规格宜定在150mm,相应年龄为1.5a,同时将F逐步降至2.0左右,此时YW/R为157.1g,比现行渔业产量增加59.5%。     

Impact of cypermethrin on feeding behaviour and mortality of the spider Pardosa amentata in arenas with artificial 'vegetation'

Pesticides can modify invertebrate movement and feeding behaviour which could reduce predation in agroecosystems. Previous assays have exposed the spider Pardosa amentata (Clerck) to the synthetic pyrethroid cypermethrin and monitored prey items consumed in small containers (requiring very little movement to capture prey). The current study used larger arenas containing artificial 'vegetation' (a plastic analogue) to encourage spiders to hunt and capture prey. The period 24 h after exposure produced greatest variability in prey item consumption between treatments and was used to examine treatment effects. At this time, cypermethrin reduced prey consumption rates but these effects did not persist. Findings did not suggest that the presence of artificial vegetation in arenas modified prey consumption rates, which was consistent for individuals treated with cypermethrin and a control group. This is despite the majority of pesticide-treated individuals exhibiting both ataxia and paralysis of the hind legs (these effects persisting for a maximum of 3 and 6 days respectively). These findings were consistent for both sexes. Spider longevity under starvation conditions was not significantly reduced by cypermethrin exposure but overall females survived longer than males. The findings are discussed in the context of the arenas used and the ecology of this common predator.     

利用免疫磁性分离–PCR检测安祖花细菌性枯萎病病原菌

 根据地毯草黄单胞菌花叶万年青致病变种（Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. dieffenbachiae）的RAPD序列设计特异性引物,并对羧基化磁珠的结合性能进行检验,从而建立和优化了免疫磁性分离–PCR体系,对安祖花细菌性枯萎病进行早期检测。结果表明：1 mg磁珠对多克隆抗体最大吸附值为0.268 mg,进行免疫磁性捕获时免疫磁珠的最佳浓度是0.566 ~ 0.741 mg ?mL^-1。免疫磁性分离–PCR可以减少PCR反应中的抑制物质,对X. axonopodis pv. dieffenbachiae的检测灵敏度可以达到10 ~ 100 cfu ?mL^-1,比常规PCR检测灵敏至少100倍。