秸秆还田对土壤养分及土壤微生物数量的影响

为探明秸秆还田后土壤养分及土壤微生物数量的变化情况,通过田间试验,研究了秸秆还田对小麦-玉米轮作体系中土壤养分及土壤微生物数量的影响。结果表明：秸秆还田可以增加土壤有机质含量,提高土壤养分库容,增加土壤中细菌、真菌及放线菌数量。50%秸秆还田、100%秸秆还田、150%秸秆还田条件下,土壤有机质增幅为0.02~0.04个百分点,土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾分别增加6.64~9.00、3.37~4.07、10.33~19.00 mg/kg。不同秸秆还田量增加土壤微生物丰富度,细菌、真菌、放线菌增幅分别为2.2×10⁸个/g~3.1×10⁸个/g、0.5×10⁶个/g ~3.5×10⁶个/g、1.3×10⁷个/g ~1.9×10⁷个/g。但过量秸秆还田不利于农田生产力。     

以活性炭纤维为载体厌氧处理牛粪的实验研究

以活性炭纤维为载体,在10%、7.5%和5%等3个载体填充率水平下,对反应器的容积产气率、COD去除率以及所能达到的最佳效果做了比较试验,并用扫描电镜观察了载体挂膜前后的微观结构.实验结果显示:添加载体的反应器内的物料,经过一段时间的启动运行以后,其内容积产气率逐渐增大,并超过了不加载体的反应器.当进料量为3.2L/d时,7.5%填充率的反应器达到最高产气率1.15m3/m3·d,比空白对照提高了20%,vs产气率为1.5L/g[vs],COD去除率达到70%以上,效果最佳.     

不同类型粒用高粱生产力及光合能力的比较研究

本文以高粱籽粒高产为目的,采用适合于生产上的种植密度,对不同株高的粒用高粱品种、杂交种群体进行生产能力和逃命能力比较研究。研究结果表明,中秆杂交种具有最高收获指数,获得最高籽粒产量。但是,我国当前生产上种植的中秆杂交种都属于叶片宽长且平展的株型,在LAI较高的生育后期,群体过于郁蔽,透光通风不良,导致NAR     

复合磷酸盐对鲜切牛肉肌球蛋白凝胶保水性的影响

研究了焦磷酸钠(SAP)、三聚磷酸钠(STP)、六偏磷酸钠(HMP)及复合磷酸盐对牛肉肌球蛋白凝胶保水性的影响。结果显示,当复合磷酸盐中SAP,STP和HMP的质量比为2∶1∶1,添加量为0.2%时,可获得最佳的感官品质和较好的凝胶保水性,影响凝胶保水性因素的主次顺序为SAP>HMP>STP,且SAP和HMP对凝胶保水效果具有显著影响。     

生物炭对北方寒区农田土壤热性能参数的影响

为揭示生物炭对土壤热特性参数的影响规律,以施加不同生物炭的北方寒区农田土壤为研究对象,设置土壤含水率水平分别为0%、8%、16%、24%、32%、40%,利用ISOMET2114型热性能分析仪,测定土壤在15～-15℃温度范围内导热率、热扩散率和体积热容量的变异特征,探究生物炭调控作用下土壤热特性参数对水热环境的响应机理。研究结果表明:在冻结与非冻结状态下,随土壤含水率增加,土壤导热率、体积热容量和热扩散率均表现出增大趋势,在3℃条件下,生物炭含量为0 t/hm2、含水率为24%和32%时,土壤导热率相对于含水率为16%时分别增加0. 141 4、0. 580 5 W/(m·K)。随生物炭含量增加,土壤导热率和热扩散率呈降低趋势,体积热容量在非冻结情况下呈降低趋势,在冻结情况下则呈增大趋势,在-3℃条件下,含水率为32%、生物炭含量为4 t/hm2和6 t/hm2时,土壤体积热容量相对于0 t/hm2水平分别增加0. 16、0. 20 J/(cm3·K)。土壤导热率与含水率呈对数函数关系,土壤体积热容量与含水率呈线性函数关系,土壤热扩散率与含水率呈二次函数关系。本研究结果可为准确描述北方寒区农田土壤热性能和生物炭改良土壤技术提供理论依据。     

基于改进综合赋权法的塔里木河流域“三源一干”水资源承载力评价

科学客观的评价流域水资源承载力,对于合理、高效利用水资源,促进经济社会的可持续发展具有重要意义。根据干旱区水资源特点,并结合塔里木河流域实际情况,建立了涵盖4个方面、12项指标的水资源承载力评价体系。利用可变模糊集理论与综合赋权法对研究区不同水平年水资源承载力进行评价,结果表明:2015年,阿克苏河流域与塔里木河干流水资源承载力评价等级为2级,和田河流域与叶尔羌河流域水资源承载力已达到2～3级,若继续恶化必将阻碍流域可持续发展;至2035年,叶尔羌河流域与和田河流域水资源承载力等级均为2级,表明研究区水资源复合系统有好转趋势,承载力有所增强;阿克苏河流域水资源承载力评价等级为2级,水资源复合系统相对稳定;塔里木河干流水资源承载力等级稳定在2级,说明该流域水资源系统可支撑当地生产生活与生态用水。所建模型评价结果稳定、精准程度高,研究结果为流域水资源优化配置提供了重要参考。     

Polygalacturonase and β-galactosidase activities in Hayward kiwifruit as affected by light exposure,maturity stage and storage time

Softening process and total antioxidant activity were evaluated in kiwifruit differently exposed to light intensity and harvested at two different times (October 10 and November 14). Fruit was stored for 2 months at 0 °C (S1) and then maintained for a week at ambient temperature (S2). The results showed that fruit harvested later presented a faster softening rate during storage than fruit harvested earlier, even if antioxidant activity did not change. Light-exposed fruit showed higher flesh firmness than that of shaded ones. Polygalacturonase activity was higher in kiwifruit maintained for a week at ambient temperature after cool storage and, in particular the highest value was recorded in fruit harvested later. The behaviour of β-galactosidase was different: it did not show changes in fruit harvested later and significantly decreased in light- and shade-exposed fruit harvested earlier.     

Antioxidant properties of blackberry and blueberry fruits grown in the Black Sea Region of Turkey

Seven wild and ten cultivated blackberries (Arapaho, Bartin, Black Satin, Bursa 1, Bursa 2, Cherokee, Chester, Jumbo, Navaho, and Ness), and six lowbush (Vaccinium arctostaphylos) and four highbush (Vaccinium corymbosum) blueberries fruits (Ivanhoe, Jersey, Northland, and Rekord) were analyzed for total anthocyanins, total phenolics, and antioxidant activity as ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) in this study. The respective ranges of total anthocyanin and total phenolic contents of the tested samples were: blackberries, 0.95–1.97 and 1.73–3.79 mg g⁻¹ and blueberries, 0.18–2.94 and 0.77–5.42 mg g⁻¹. FRAP values varied from 35.05 to 70.41 μmol g⁻¹ for blackberries, 7.41 to 57.92 μmol g⁻¹ for blueberries. Wild blackberries had the highest FRAP values while wild blueberries had the highest total phenolic and total anthocyanin contents. A linear relationship was observed between FRAP values and total phenolics for blueberries (r = 0.981). The anthocyanin pigments in samples were isolated and characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV–visible detection. Cyn-3-glu was the predominant anthocyanin in all blackberry fruits.     

Nitrate leaching in a silage maize field under different irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer rates

Quantification of the interactive effects of nitrogen (N) and water on nitrate (NO₃) loss provides an important insight for more effective N and water management. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of different irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer levels on nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃-N) leaching in a silage maize field. The experiment included four irrigation levels (0.7, 0.85, 1.0, and 1.13 of soil moisture depletion, SMD) and three N fertilization levels (0, 142, and 189 kg N ha⁻¹), with three replications. Ceramic suction cups were used to extract soil solution at 30 and 60 cm soil depths for all 36 experimental plots. Soil NO₃-N content of 0-30 and 30-60-cm layers were evaluated at planting and harvest maturity. Total N uptake (NU) by the crop was also determined. Maximum NO₃-N leaching out of the 60-cm soil layer was 8.43 kg N ha⁻¹, for the 142 kg N ha⁻¹ and over irrigation (1.13 SMD) treatment. The minimum and maximum seasonal average NO₃ concentration at the 60 cm depth was 46 and 138 mg l⁻¹, respectively. Based on our findings, it is possible to control NO₃ leaching out of the root zone during the growing season with a proper combination of irrigation and fertilizer management.     

Evaluation of fertilizing capacity of cryopreserved rainbow trout sperm

ABSTRACT:   Experimental insemination was performed using artificially produced low-motility sperm. A mathematical model was applied to the results of the insemination in order to clarify the relationship between sperm motility, the density of sperm and the fertilization rate of eggs. In the model, the probability of fertilization by individual spermatozoa was a function of sperm density in the insemination solution. The results showed that the probability of fertilization clearly decreased with increased sperm density, and the maximum possible fertilizing rate by increasing the sperm density was constrained by the proportion of motile sperm (% motility). The model was also applied to the results of insemination tests of cryopreserved sperm in order to evaluate the fertilizing capacity of cryopreserved sperm. It was proven that cryopreserved sperm needed a higher density to obtain the maximum fertilization rate compared with fresh sperm, and it was anticipated that the ratio of the motile inseminated cryopreserved sperm should be more than 5.0% to achieve an egg fertilization rate greater than 90%.