几个典型的叶片/冠层模型

着重介绍了6个典型的叶片/冠层模型。它们是: Prospect模型; SAIL模型; 两层冠层双向反射率模型;Geosail模型; 同类多层冠层简单的各向异性反射率模型; 具快速, 可反演特性的冠层反射率模型(FCR) (所收集的另外一些模型在参考文献中列出)。用户可根据自己的需要结合模型的适应范围, 选择适当的模型。这些模型对波谱库的波谱模拟有重要的价值。     

Faidherbia albida and its effects on Ethiopian highland Vertisols

On a Vertisol under 850 mm rainfall, at an altitude of 1850 m, Faidherbia albida trees that occurred at 6.52 trees ha^–1, with a canopy cover that range from 97 m² ha^–1 to 229 m² ha^–1 were recorded. Studies on the lateral and vertical influence of the tree canopy on some physical and chemical properties of the soil, show apparent higher organic matter on the West side of the tree than the East due to accumulated wind blown litter by prevalent wind direction, and organic matter, N, P and K levels were higher under the tree canopy than outside for all directions and depths studied. Soil pH, exchangeable Na, Ca and Mg under the canopy and outside were similar. Available water capacity was 1.5 to 2 times more under than outside the tree. Noticeable increases in the silt fraction under the tree was recorded and discussed in relation to soil condition improvement and plant growth.     

森林冠层结构与功能及其时空变化研究进展*

林冠是森林与外界环境相互作用最直接和最活跃的界面层 ,同时 ,它本身又承载了森林生物多样性的主体部分。森林冠层研究的方法和技术在近些年取得了长足发展 ,从而促进了有关林冠结构与功能的研究。这些研究深化了人们对于林冠结构与光能截获以及群落干物质积累之间关系的认识 ,同时 ,对于森林冠层的物质循环和能量传输以及冠层内各营养级之间相互关系动态也有了更为深入的理解。考察森林冠层的结构与功能及其时空变化是深入理解整个森林生态系统的格局、过程及其运作机制的重要基础。     

预应力混凝土框架结构侧限影响的分析

分析了预应力框架结构中侧向约束对连续框架梁中预应力值的影响 ,以及这种影响对竖向构件本身的影响 ,提出了侧限系数的计算公式。并通过工程实例 ,提出了考虑侧向约束影响的应用条件 ,可供设计参考。     

山区林下栽培白术经济效益研究

通过对0．4、0．6、0．9等3种不同郁闭度的刺槐林下白术生长的研究发现，药用白术在郁闭度0．4的刺槐林下，不仅生长良好，且药材品质优良，有很高的经济效益，平均每年产值约24919．5元／hm^2。栽培2a后对土壤也有一定的改良作用。     

次生林群落结构特性对红松幼树生长的影响

本研究以红松幼树及其周围最近4株相邻木组成的小环境结构单元为研究对象,研究了光照条件、土壤腐殖质层厚度、相邻木、直射光、上层树种、草本和灌木等6个环境因子对红松幼树生长的影响。本文对其中的直射光、上层树种、草本和灌木等3个群落结构特征因子进行研究。结果表明：(1)顶部透光对红松幼树生长最为有利,其次为东、西北、东南及中部等方向的直射光;(2)上层树种为叶片小或枝叶稀疏的树种时对红松幼树生长有利。(3)草本和灌木的盖度会影响红松幼树的生长,且在红松幼树的不同生长阶段,其影响作用不同。当红松幼树仍处于下木层时,草本和灌木会抑制红松幼树的生长,当红松幼树离开草灌丛后,草本、灌木影响作用将逐渐减弱。     

Habitat factors for land snails in European beech forests with a special focus on coarse woody debris

Analyses of land snails and habitat factors in acid beech forests were conducted in southern Germany (northern Bavaria). The objectives were to study the effects of habitat characteristics on snail density and species richness. Habitat structures were determined for 37 plots in one big forest. We found a significant relationship between the number of snail species and individuals and the following set of habitat factors coverage of herbaceous layer, growing stock, mean diameter at breast height of the three largest trees (DBHmax), stand age, total dead wood volume per ha, and advanced decomposed dead wood volume per ha. We use maximally selected rank statistics to estimate cutpoints separating stands with low densities, from stands with high snail densities. Here, we define cutpoints for a significant higher snail density at a stand age of 187 years, 57 m³/ha dead wood, 40 m³/ha advanced decomposed dead wood, 63 cm DBHmax and more than 1% herbaceous layer. For species richness, cutpoints are estimated at 338 m³/ha stand volume, 170 years stand age, 50 m³/ha total dead wood amount, 15 m³/ha advanced decomposed dead wood and 56 cm DBHmax. The microhabitat analysis shows a higher pH value and a higher Calcium content at the bottom of large snags and under large lying dead wood pieces in comparison to litter, upper mineral soil and at the bottom of vital living trees. Snail species and individual density are significantly linked to these patterns of chemical parameters. The identified cutpoints are a good base for ecological management decisions in forest management.     

Rotational performance of traditional Nuki joints with gap II: the behavior of butted Nuki joint and its comparison with continuous Nuki joint

Nuki joints are often used in oriental carpentry. Various types of Nuki joints have different structural characteristics, which needs further investigation. This article proposes a theoretical model for butted Nuki joints and reports verification of the model by 21 full-scale tests. We then compare the mechanical behaviors of butted Nuki joints with continuous Nuki joints by using the theoretical models proposed in this article and in a previous report. The results show that the initial stiffness and moment resistance of butted Nuki joints are much lower than continuous joints, and the butted Nuki joints have larger initial rotation without any moment resistance. The results of this study help us understand the structural behavior, and to estimate the structural characteristics of butted Nuki joints when carrying out the structural analyses.     

华山松针叶表皮结构与抗疱锈病关系的初步研究

通过对来自云南4个华山松疱锈病典型发病区的122份华山松针叶样本的解剖结构研究,发现华山松的感病组与健康组之间在针叶表皮结构上有显著差异,其中主要差异为表皮细胞厚度和角质膜厚度,有抗病特性的植株具有显著加厚的针叶表皮结构,抗病的健康组比感病组的角质膜和表皮分别增厚达30.5%和8.0%,而气孔数量和内皮层厚度上差异不明显.结果支持疱锈菌感染华山松是通过主动侵入机制从表皮进入针叶,角质膜厚度和表皮厚度对华山松抵抗疱锈菌感染有重要作用.这一结果为弄清疱锈菌侵入华山松的途径提供了实验证据.     

六盘山林区森林树冠截留,枯枝落叶层和土壤水文性质的研究

本文测定了六盘山林区主要森林类型的树冠截留降水作用、林地枯枝落叶蓄积量、含水量的动态变化和对降水的截留量,分析了土壤水分入渗能力及其影响因素。结果表明,六盘山林区主要森林类型树冠截留量为16.2—29.1％;枯枝落叶层蓄积量为10—12t/ha,最大持水量相当于3—6mm的降雨,该层对降雨的截留量5.6—13.1％;林区土壤非毛管孔隙贮水量少,乔木林地233.5—1088.6t/ha,灌木林地390—669t/ha,草地236—475t/ha,土壤表层水分入渗率从高到低为乔木林地、灌木林地、草地。