黄河流域干旱时空变化特征及其气候要素敏感性分析

利用黄河流域102个气象站点1961-2013年气象数据,选用相对湿润度指数作为干旱指标,探讨年尺度和季节尺度干旱的时空分布特征,并尝试利用偏导数方法计算分析相对湿润度指数的气候要素敏感性及其与气候要素间的相关关系。结果表明：黄河流域上游旱情比中游和下游地区偏重,春夏秋冬各季分别处于中旱、轻旱、中旱和特旱状态,全年尺度处于特旱程度,季节和全年尺度的相对湿润度指数均呈现从西北到东南递增的变化趋势,春季、秋季和全年尺度特旱区域主要分布在陕西、山西、宁夏北部以及内蒙古地区,而气象干旱减缓的站点主要分布在黄河流域上游地区,干旱增强的站点主要分布在黄河流域东南部。相对湿润度指数对太阳辐射和相对湿度呈正向敏感,对温度和风速呈负向敏感。上游和中游地区夏季相对湿润度指数最敏感要素分别为太阳辐射和平均温度,全流域春季、秋季、冬季和全年尺度对相对湿度最敏感。全流域春季和夏季与相对湿润度指数相关性最强的要素均为相对湿度,上游和下游地区秋季的主控要素为太阳辐射,上游、中游和下游地区冬季则分别与温度、风速和风速相关性最强。全年尺度上,上游、中游和下游地区相对湿润度指数变化的主控要素则为太阳辐射、相对湿度和相对湿度。     

不同种植密度下的棉田小气候特点

为研究种植密度对田间小气候的影响,2008年在南疆阿克苏试验点,通过大田试验对不同种植密度下(9.0、13.5、18、22.5、27.0万株/hm2)棉田群体冠层不同层次的温度、空气相对湿度、土壤水分等要素进行了测定。结果表明:在所设置的密度范围内,棉花的株高在55～75cm,并且随密度增加株高降低;而茎粗、株宽、叶宽、果枝数等也有类似趋势。花期和吐絮期,棉花宽窄行的冠层空气温度均较高,最高均超过了31℃,并随当日时间先升后降,窄行温度高于宽行,冠层40cm处高于20cm处。相对湿度符合开口向上抛物线模型,花期较高且变化较小,中午时段最低只有40%,比见絮期高10个百分点以上;各处理以中间密度的相对湿度最为稳定,变化最小。土壤水分方面,密度小的处理地表蒸发严重,密度大的叶片蒸腾较多,因此,密度适中的处理土壤水分保持较好,变化范围较小。土壤15cm处地温,前期密度大的处理地温较高,中期受叶片遮荫影响而下降,但后期高密度处理温度又会升高,不过处理间差异不大,最高相差不过1℃。     

枣树小冠疏层形空间产量分布及果实品质比较

为了探究枣树小冠疏层形的结构特点、各冠层产量分布及果实品质状况,为枣树造形提供理论支撑,以‘鲁枣2号’枣为试材,研究枣树小冠疏层形的个体结构、生长特性、产量分布及果实品质差异。结果表明：小冠疏层形中间冠层为产量主要分布层,枣果数与枣吊数最多,但是果枝比较其他2个冠层要低,下层平均单果重最大,上层叶绿素SPAD值、叶面积、枣吊长度和果实可溶性固形物含量均比下层高。因此,在对枣树小冠疏层形进行整形修剪时,要严格控制树冠上层的营养生长,适当控制中间冠层侧枝长度,缩放下部冠层侧枝,这样有利于提高果实的品质和产量。     

储藏物冷却机在高温高湿区高大平房仓的应用

选用功率较小的储藏物冷却机与负压通风相结合,对福建漳州地区的粮面压盖稻谷仓进行降温冷却,通过改变粮面压盖方式实现冷却的均匀性和彻底性.累计运行时间112.7 h,降温3.3℃,水分变化为0.1％,达到了保水降温的效果.运行期间的降温单位能耗为0.47 kW·h/℃·t,符合《谷物冷却机低温储粮技术规程》的规定,结束降温后粮面压盖延缓了粮温复温.     

缩节胺(DPC)对不同密度下棉花冠层结构特征与产量性状的影响

在新疆气候生态条件下,设置适量化调和超量化调方式,每个化调下设3个种植密度,研究了化学调节剂(DPC)对不同密度棉花冠层结构及产量的影响.结果表明:随密度增加,两种化调量下均表现叶面积指数(LAI)增大、叶倾角(MFA)变大,株型变紧凑;但密度过大,群体散射辐射透过系数(TR)小,造成生育后期群体光合速率(CAP)较快...     

‘富士’苹果不套袋与套袋密度对树体光合特性的影响

为进一步探讨不套袋与套袋对苹果品质影响的机理,以8年生‘富士’苹果（‘天红2号’/‘M26’/八棱海棠）为试验材料,共设5个套袋密度处理（不套袋、套袋1/3的果实、套袋1/2的果实、套袋2/3的果实、套袋所有果实）,所用果袋为小林果袋（双层纸袋,内红外棕）,研究不同套袋密度对果实套袋前（6月19日）、套袋后2天（6月21日）、套袋中（8月22日和9月27日）、摘袋后2天（10月9日）和采收后1天（11月3日）苹果叶片光合特性的影响。结果表明,套袋不仅降低了苹果树冠层内的光照强度,而且显著降低了叶片的光合速率,而随着套袋密度的增加,苹果树冠层内的净光合速率显著降低,尤其是在8月和9月。5个处理的冠层光强、气孔导度、叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量和叶片比重的变化与净光合速率的变化基本一致,说明果实套袋导致叶片光合性能下降。套袋苹果光合速率的降低是由气孔导度的降低引起的,这可能与光照强度降低有关;而在9月光合速率的降低还可能与高温弱光,套袋苹果叶片出现非气孔限制有关。     

小管出流灌溉技术在日光温室中的应用效果研究

温室内采用的供试作物为青椒,在土壤水分相同的条件下(土壤含水率下限为60%~70%,以占田间持水率的百分比计)通过试验对比分析了日光温室小管出流和沟灌2种灌溉方式对土壤温度、土壤水分、青椒叶绿素含量及长势、产量的影响。研究结果表明,在土层深度为5、15、25、35 cm时,小管出流的土壤温度较沟灌依次高0.24、0.23、0.17、0.30℃。在灌水前后的土壤水分空间分布及含水率均大于沟灌,小管出流灌溉方式下青椒的叶绿素含量较沟灌高6.8%,产量较沟灌增产34%,水分生产率比沟灌提高了0.9倍。     

空气温湿度对水稻灌浆及空壳率的影响研究

对1996—2005年10个年份的晚稻孕穗至成熟期的空气温度与相对湿度对水稻空壳率和灌浆影响进行了研究，结果表明：相对湿度对水稻的灌浆速度没有显著影响；灌浆期气温的升高对水稻灌浆速度的增加有显著影响；日最高温度大于或等于30℃的天数对水稻秕粒率的影响是不显著的；但孕穗期至抽穗开花期日最高温度大于或等于30℃的天数对水稻空壳率的影响是极显著的。最后对防御高温危害提出了建议。     

The drought response of landraces of wheat from the northern Negev Desert in Israel

Summary Diverse landraces of wheat, collected from the semi-arid (150 to 250 mm of total annual rainfall) Northern Negev desert in Israel were considered as a potential genetic resource of drought resistance for wheat breeding. These materials were therefore evaluated for their reponses to drought stress in agronomical and physiological terms. Up to 68 landraces, comprising of Triticum durum, T. aestivum, and T. compactum were tested in two field drought environments, in one favourable field environment, under post-anthesis chemical plant desiccation which revealed the capacity for grain filling from mobilized stem reserves, under a controlled drought stress in a rainout shelter and in the growth chamber under polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced water stress. Biomass, grain yield and its components, harvest index, plant phenology, canopy temperatures, kernel weight loss by chemical plant desiccation, growth reduction by PEG-induced drought stress and osmotic adjustment were evaluated in the various experiments.Landraces varied significantly for all parameters of drought response as measured in the different experiments, which was in accordance to their documented large morphological diversity. Variation in grain yield among landraces under an increasing drought stress after tillering was largely affected by spike number per unit area. Kernel weight contributed very little to yield variation among landraces under stress, probably because these tall (average of 131 cm) landraces generally excelled in their capacity to support kernel growth by stem reserve mobilization under stress. Yield under stress was reduced with a longer growth duration of landraces only under early planting but not under late planting. Landraces were generally late flowering but they were still considered well adapted phenologically to their native region where they were always planted late.Landraces differed significantly in canopy temperature under drought stress. Canopy temperature under stress in the rainout shelter was negatively correlated across landraces with grain yield (r=0.67^**) and biomass (r=0.64^**) under stress. Canopy temperature under stress in the rainout shelter was also positively correlated across landraces (r=0.50^**) with canopy temperature in one stress field environment. Osmotic adjustment in PEG-stressed plants was negatively correlated (r=–0.60^**) with percent growth reduction by PEG-induced water stress. It was not correlated with yield under stress in any of the experiments. In terms of yield under stress, canopy temperatures and stem reserve utilization for grain filling, the most drought resistant landrace was the Juljuli population of T.durum.