Black soldier fly and yellow mealworm live larvae for broiler chickens: Effects on bird performance and health status

The commercial broiler chicken strains are the result of successful selection programmes. Most of the problems related to welfare arise from the high growth rate and body weight. The use of environmental enrichments in intensive farming could have a positive effect on birds by increasing animal welfare. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of Hermetia illucens (HI) and Tenebrio molitor (TM) live larvae in the diets of broiler chickens on growth performance, carcass yield and health status. A total of 180 four-day-old male broiler chickens (Ross 308) were randomly allotted to 18 pens. Each pen was assigned to one of the three dietary treatments (6 replicates/treatment, 10 birds/replicate) as follows: (i) control diet (C): commercial feed (two feeding phases: starter [4–11 days] and grower [12–38 days]), (ii) HI: C + 5% of the expected daily feed intake (DFI) HI live larvae (calculated on dry matter [DM]) and (iii) TM: C + 5% of DFI TM live larvae (DM). At 39 days of age, birds were slaughtered. Growth performance parameters were overall not affected by dietary treatments, except for the grower phase feed conversion ratio (FCR) and the overall FCR being better in the TM broilers than the others (p < 0.01). No differences were observed for slaughtering performance and haematological and serum parameters, except for the spleen relative weight being higher (p < 0.01) in the birds administered with larvae when compared to the C group. Gut morphometric indexes and histopathological alterations were not influenced by insect larvae administration. In conclusion, the administration in limited quantities of HI and TM live larvae as environmental enrichment has no negative effects on broiler chicken growth performance and health status. A behavioural study could confirm that live insect larvae represent a novel natural environmental enrichment in broiler farming.     

Protective Effect of Sulforaphane on Reproductive Function of Male Mice with Cadmium Poisoning

The study was aimed to explore the protective effect of sulforaphane (SFN) on the reproductive function of male mice with cadmium poisoning.40 healthy clean grade male Kunming mice were randomly divided into four groups:control group (H₂O),cadmium chloride group (2.3 mg/kg CdCl₂),sulforaphane group (10 mg/kg SFN),sulforaphane + cadmium chloride group (10 mg/kg SFN+2.3 mg/kg CdCl₂),and continuous administration for 10 d,all mice were executed by dislocated cervical vertebra at 2 d after the last administration,and then the pathologic changes of testicular tissues,organ coefficient of testicle and epididymis,sperm quality and concentration of testosterone were tested.Additionally,the contents of GSH and MDA,and the activities of T-SOD in testis were also detected at the same time. Compared with the control group,pathology damages were observed in cadmium chloride group,organ coefficient of testis and epididymis,sperm quality and levels of testosterone extremely significantly decreased (P<0.01),the activities of T-SOD and GSH content were extremely significantly decreased (P<0.01),and the concentration of MDA was extremely significantly enhanced (P<0.01).Compared with the control group,the activity of T-SOD and concentration of GSH in sulforaphane group were significantly increased (P<0.05),and the concentration of MDA was not significant different between the control group and sulforaphane group (P>0.05).While compared with the cadmium chloride group,the sperm motility rate and sperm total count in sulforaphane and cadmium chloride group were extremely significantly increased (P<0.01),the organ coefficient of testicle and epididymis was increased significantly (P<0.05),the concentration of GSH and activity of T-SOD in testicular tissue were extremely significantly increased (P<0.01),and the concentration of MDA was extremely significantly decreased (P<0.01).The results indicated that sulforaphane had the protection effect on reproduction function of male mice with cadmium poisoning.     

CO 2与土壤水分交互作用的番茄光合速率预测模型

为了实现不同土壤水分管理下的CO 2气肥精细控制,建立了番茄作物不同生长阶段的光合速率预测模型。实验设置了4个CO 2浓度与3个土壤水分条件的交互处理,利用无线传感器网络长期实时监测温室内环境信息,采用LI-6400XT型光合速率仪定时采集作物净光合速率信息;并用BP神经网络分别建立了番茄苗期、花期和果期的光合速率预测模型。预测模型的验证结果表明,对于苗期预测模型,预测值与实测值之间的决定系数 R 2为0.925;花期预测模型的决定系数 R 2为0.920,果期预测模型的决定系数 R 2为0.958;番茄各生长期的光合速率预测模型均具有较高的预测精度。在不同土壤水分条件下改变CO 2浓度,得到的CO 2浓度与光合速率预测曲线与实测值相近,可反映实际土壤水分管理下的CO 2浓度最优值,对指导不同土壤水分条件下CO 2气肥的精细调控具有重要意义。     

不同有机酸对小白菜镉污染毒性和品质的影响

以小白菜为试材,以贵州典型黄壤为盆栽试验基质,在黄土中共设置5个不同处理,1)原始无污染土壤(CK);2)单一镉污染土壤处理(Cd);3)镉污染土壤加草酸处理(Cd+OA);4)镉污染土壤加柠檬酸处理(Cd+CA);5)镉污染土壤加酒石酸处理(Cd+TA),探究镉胁迫下不同有机酸对提高小白菜品质的效果,以期为改善蔬菜品质提供参考依据。结果表明:外源添加镉导致小白菜单株鲜质量降低了41.1%,植株体内镉大量积累,活性氧类物质、丙二醛(MDA)和脯氨酸含量升高。与对照组相比,镉污染小白菜叶片内硝酸盐含量增加了2.9倍,维生素C和可溶性糖含量分别降低了19.3%和9.9%。在镉污染土壤上施入草酸、柠檬酸和酒石酸后均显著改善了小白菜的生长状态。与镉污染处理小白菜相比,柠檬酸对小白菜的促生效果最显著,生物量相对增加了48.5%,叶片和根的镉含量分别降低了45.3%和42.6%。酒石酸对超氧阴离子的影响大于草酸和柠檬酸,对过氧化氢和脯氨酸的影响小于草酸和柠檬酸,但草酸抑制硝酸盐积累和提高可溶性糖含量的作用大于其它有机酸。上述结果说明,在镉污染土壤施用柠檬酸可以有效缓解镉对小白菜的毒害作用,提高小白菜的产量和品质。     

CO2加富及亏缺灌溉对菜豆中期与后期生长的影响

为了探明菜豆中期与后期生长对CO₂加富与亏缺灌溉的生理响应,试验设两个CO₂水平:正常大气浓度和倍增CO₂浓度,两个灌溉水平:自然灌溉12次和亏缺灌溉6次,研究CO₂加富及亏缺灌溉对菜豆生长的影响。结果表明,CO₂加富显著提高菜豆生长中期株高与干质量,净光合速率(Pn)与胞间CO₂浓度(Ci)分别显著降低15.48%、37.67%,气孔导度(Gs)显著提高95.83%,菜豆生长后期的叶绿素a/b(Chla/b)显著提高12.29%,水分利用效率(WUE)显著提高46.51%,Ci显著降低12.87%。CO₂加富显著提高亏缺灌溉下生长中期菜豆的株高与干质量,但显著降低根冠比,显著提高叶绿素含量以及Gs;CO₂加富下生长后期的核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶(Rubisco)及果糖-1,6-二磷酸酶(FBPase)活性分别显著提高78.05%与88.69%,CO₂加富使亏缺灌溉下碳酸酐酶(CA)与FBPase活性分别显著提高83.73%与64.84%。综上所述,CO₂加富提高菜豆生长中期对亏缺灌溉的适应性,对生长后期影响作用减小。     

物种敏感性分布法拟合函数的拟合优度评价

为明确物种敏感性分布(SSD)法适用于酸性土壤条件下的最优拟合函数,以均方根(RMSE)和残差平方和(SSE)为评价指标,系统分析了不同pH和累积概率条件下5种常见拟合函数(Log-logistic、Gamma、Log-normal、Weibull和BurrⅢ)的拟合优度。研究表明:两种pH条件(pH 5.5和pH 6.5)下5种拟合函数的拟合优度无明显差异,其中Log-logistic、BurrⅢ函数的SSE值分别为0.021、0.024和0.169、0.191,RMSE值分别为0.038、0.040和0.106、0.113,两者拟合效果较好;但不同累积概率条件下拟合函数的拟合优度存在一定差异,其中低累积概率(p≤20%)条件下Log-logistic与Gamma的SSE值分别为2.45×10-4和2.46×10-4,RMSE值分别为4.04×10-3和4.05×10-3,两者拟合效果较好;中累积概率(20%p≤80%)条件下Log-logistic与Log-normal的SSE值分别为0.018和0.021,RMSE值分别为0.034和0.037,两者拟合效果较好;而高累积概率(p80%)条件下BurrⅢ与Log-logistic的SSE值分别为0.151和0.203,RMSE值分别为0.100和0.116,两者拟合效果较好。研究表明,酸性土壤(pH≤6.5)中低、中累积概率(0≤p≤80%)条件下优先推荐使用Log-logistic拟合函数,而高累积概率(p80%)条件下优先推荐使用BurrⅢ拟合函数。     

巯基化坡缕石对碱性土壤镉污染的快速钝化修复效应

为了探究巯基化坡缕石作为钝化剂在镉污染碱性土壤上的适用性及应用潜力,选取典型镉污染碱性土壤,以青菜和生菜为模式作物开展盆栽试验和土壤培养试验,研究巯基化坡缕石对碱性土壤镉污染的快速钝化修复效应。结果表明：巯基化坡缕石在应用剂量为0.1%~0.3%（m/m）时可以使生育期内青菜地上部镉含量降低81.44%~93.44%,根系镉含量降低68.47%~85.63%,生菜地上部镉含量降低65.11%~92.18%,根系镉含量降低57.77%~91.92%。收获时可食部位镉含量满足国家食品卫生标准限量值要求,在极低的应用剂量下显著的钝化效应是其优势。巯基化坡缕石可使土壤DTPA浸提有效态镉含量降低68.57%~84.10%,钝化过程速度快,5 d左右达到平衡,可以用二级动力学拟合。连续浸提形态分析显示,巯基化坡缕石能够快速减少土壤中可交换态和碳酸盐结合态镉含量,并显著提高易还原金属氧化物结合态镉含量,使镉由活泼态向不活泼态转化,从而减少作物吸收累积。巯基化坡缕石同时抑制了青菜和生菜对镉的转运系数和生物累积系数,进一步降低了可食部位镉含量。研究表明巯基化坡缕石是一种在镉污染碱性土壤上具有快速钝化作用和良好应用潜力的高效钝化剂。     

耐镉阿氏芽孢杆菌缓解水稻受镉胁迫的研究

为了探究阿氏芽孢杆菌T61缓解水稻受镉胁迫的效应,运用96孔板法、电感耦合等离子体质谱法、比色法测定菌株T61的镉耐受性、镉去除率和植物促生性;利用绿色荧光蛋白标记的T61,观察菌株在水稻上的定殖;利用蘸根法施加T61菌剂,观察其降低水稻籽粒镉积累的效应。结果表明：菌株T61对Cd²⁺的最大耐受浓度达到500 μmol·L^-1;在含镉液体培养基中培养24 h后,菌株T61对Cd²⁺的去除率超过50%。菌株T61可以合成植物促生性物质吲哚乙酸（6.2 μg·mL^-1）和铁载体（46.6 μmol·L^-1）,并具有溶磷能力（37.1 μg·mL^-1）。菌株T61可以在水稻根和茎上定殖。大田条件下,T61菌剂可以降低营养期水稻茎叶丙二醛含量和抗氧化酶活性,并使水稻728B和NX1B籽粒中的镉含量分别降低13.5%和11.2%。研究表明,阿氏芽孢杆菌T61是一株具有植物促生性的耐镉细菌,可以缓解某些水稻品种遭受的镉胁迫,在镉污染稻田的微生物修复方面具有一定的应用前景。     

热改性坡缕石对土壤Cd污染的钝化修复研究

为探讨不同热解温度下的坡缕石对土壤中重金属Cd的钝化效果,将坡缕石颗粒分别在250、300、350、400、450℃条件下热解2.5 h,将其施用于重金属Cd污染土壤中,进行钝化试验和盆栽试验来判断对Cd污染土壤的钝化效果。结果表明:添加不同温度的热改性坡缕石均不同程度地提高了土壤pH、EC和CEC,使DTPA和TCLP提取态Cd含量显著降低,在添加350℃的热改性坡缕石钝化土壤时,两种提取态Cd含量降幅最大,分别为39.7%和32.6%。添加350℃的热改性坡缕石可以促进Cd由活性高的酸溶态向活性低的残渣态转化,从而有效降低Cd的迁移能力。添加热改性坡缕石有助于玉米植株的生长,与对照相比,玉米植株的根长、株高、鲜质量和干质量都有显著的增高,同时Cd从土壤到地上部分的富集和地下部分到地上部分的转运有了明显的降低。因此,热改性坡缕石可作为钝化修复重金属污染土壤的环保材料。     

小麦秸秆生物质炭对碱性土壤中油菜生长和镉吸收的影响

为探讨小麦秸秆生物质炭对镉（Cd）污染碱性土壤的修复效果,采用序批式吸附试验和Cd污染土壤盆栽试验,研究了小麦秸秆生物质炭施用（1%,m/m）对碱性土壤吸附Cd的影响,以及对Cd污染土壤中油菜生长和Cd吸收的影响。结果表明：Cd在生物质炭上的吸附等温线非线性较强,生物质炭对Cd的表面吸附起主导作用,Cd在生物质炭上的分配系数（K_d）是在土壤上的1.5~3.0倍。生物质炭施用可促进土壤对低浓度Cd的吸附,0.1 mg·L^-1平衡浓度下K_d值提高了19.5%;生物质炭施用可抑制土壤对高浓度Cd的吸附,在10 mg·L^-1条件下K_d值降低了37.2%。生物质炭施用对土壤pH值影响不显著,但缓解了Cd污染对油菜生长的抑制作用,油菜生物量最高提高了45.0%,也抑制了油菜对Cd的富集,油菜富集Cd的量最高降低了40.6%;CaCl₂、Mg（NO₃）₂、NH₄OAC、HCl、DTPA和BCR1作为提取剂提取出土壤中Cd的量与油菜地上部分吸收Cd的量相关性较强（线性回归方程决定系数R²> 0.8）,而Mg（NO₃）₂萃取出土壤中Cd的量更能预测油菜地上部分吸收Cd的量。研究表明,小麦秸秆生物质炭有利于降低碱性土壤中Cd的生物有效性,但并非通过提高土壤pH值和吸附能力来实现。