人工湿地系统中梭鱼草和香蒲对镉积累的动态变化

为探讨人工湿地系统中挺水植物梭鱼草(Pontederia cordata)和香蒲(Typha orientalis)对镉(Cd)积累的动态变化,通过在室外表面流人工湿地采样和室内分析相结合的方法,对8-12月梭鱼草和香蒲地上部和地下部的生物量、镉含量及积累量的动态变化进行了分析。结果表明,梭鱼草根部和茎叶镉含量为0.25~0.70mg/kg和0.07~0.18mg/kg,香蒲根部和茎叶镉含量为0.16~0.39mg/kg和0.11~0.17mg/kg,根部镉含量均显著高于各自的茎叶部,两种植物各部位镉含量均在10月达到最大值,两者对镉的富集与转运能力均随着月份的变化而变化,都呈先增高、后降低的趋势;其中,梭鱼草对底泥镉的富集系数为0.76~3.13,香蒲为0.63~0.91,两者的富集系数最高值均出现在10月;两者的转运量系数分别为1.12~10.47、3.25~8.10,最大值分别出现在9月、10月。在10月之前,同一月份梭鱼草地上部的生物量和对湿地中镉积累量均极显著或显著高于香蒲。两种植物地上部分生物量和对湿地中镉积累量均极显著高于地下部分(P<0.01)。综合考虑两种植物的生物量及对镉的积累量,9月和10月分别为梭鱼草和香蒲地上部分最佳收获月份,能够最大化去除湿地系统中的镉。     

马尾松种源对磷肥的遗传反应及根际土壤营养差异

利用5a生马尾松种源与磷肥互作试验林，研究不同种源对磷肥的遗传反应式样以及在低(缺)磷环境下的根际营养差异。结果发现，广东高州和广西岑溪两种源对磷肥的反应显著，属于对磷肥敏感型种源。广东信宜和福建武平两种源对磷肥反应不敏感，属于耐低磷型或对磷肥不敏感型种源，而江西崇义种源显著的磷肥效应仅在造林后头2～3年显示。对于根际土的的化学性质，不同种源虽有较大差异，但根际土的有机质、全氮、水解氮和有效磷含量一般显著高于非根际土。不同种源根际对土壤中的磷都具有活化作用和富集作用，尤其是广东信宜和福建武平两种源对土壤磷的活化和富集作用最为强烈，这可初步解释这两个种源对磷肥不敏感、能适应低(缺)磷胁迫的遗传机制。马尾松不同种源根际土壤并未发生明显的酸化。     

Agroforestry diffusion and secondary forest regeneration in the Brazilian Amazon: further findings from the Rondônia Agroforestry Pilot Project (1992–2002)

In July 1992 the Rondônia Agroforestry Pilot Project (RAPP) was launched in two agricultural municipalities (Nova União and Alto Paraiso) in the western Brazilian Amazon State of Rondônia. The purpose of the RAPP was to assess the conditions under which colonist farmers in the western Amazon would integrate agroforestry plantings into their small-scale farming systems and to assess the performance of those plantings over time. An experimental group consisting of 50 small-scale farmers was selected to participate. Plots were designed to accommodate between 3 and 25 different species, each producing one or more commodities with local market potential (hardwood, fruits, nuts, latexes, oils). Farmers planted seedlings typically on a 1-ha plot, located and designed by each farmer with the advice of a professional Brazilian extensionist. During the first phase of the project (1992–1998), the growth performance of the seedlings and changes in household characteristics were monitored on an annual basis. By 2002, 32 (64.0%) of the original 50 agroforest plots were found in place. This paper updates the research findings based on a 2002 follow-up visit to these 32 farms. In addition to growth performance, the authors’ found that 17.95% of the farms in the neighboring control group had planted trees and other agroforest crops between 1992 and 2002, compared to only 5.38% of farms outside the project area, suggesting spontaneous diffusion. The authors also found a potentially synergistic relationship between agroforestry and secondary forest regeneration with the use of satellite image analysis. The experience of the RAPP indicates that colonist farmers in Amazonia can be successful managers of agroforest plots with minimal external inputs over the long-term (10 years).     

镉对柠条种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为探讨重金属镉(Cd)对柠条种子萌发的毒物刺激效应,采用培养皿滤纸萌发法,研究了不同Cd2+浓度(0,2,5,10,15,50mg/L)对柠条种子萌发、幼苗生长和酶活性的影响。结果表明:在5mg/L的Cd2+浓度下柠条种子的发芽率、胚芽和胚根的长度达最大,分别比对照提高3.8%,13.4%和11.2%,根和芽的POD活性分别比对照增加19.2%、1.8%,CAT活性比对照增加6.3%、10.4%;Cd2+浓度为50mg/L时,柠条种子的发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数分别比对照显著降低46.9%,26.1%和27.8%;高浓度Cd2+(10,15和50mg/L)对柠条种子萌发及酶活性表现为抑制作用,低浓度Cd2+(2、5mg/L)表现为促进作用。镉对柠条种子萌发具有"低促高抑"的毒物刺激效应,5mg/L的Cd2+浓度为柠条种子萌发刺激效应的临界浓度。     

An enrichment microsphere immunoassay for the detection of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pectobacterium atrosepticum</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dickeya dianthicola</Emphasis> in potato tuber extracts

An enrichment microsphere immunoassay (MIA) was developed, based on the Luminex xMAP® technology, for the simultaneous (duplex) detection of Pectobacterium atrosepticum (former name Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica) (Pca) and Dickeya dianthicola (former name Erwinia chrysanthemi) (Dcd) in potato plant extracts. Target bacteria in the extracts were enriched for 48 h in a semi-selective broth containing polypectate under low oxygen conditions. Samples were subsequently incubated with antibody-coated colour-coded microspheres (beads) and with secondary antibodies conjugated with Alexa Fluor® 532, a reporter dye. Samples were analyzed with the Luminex analyzer, in which one laser identified each microsphere and another laser the reporter dye conjugated to the secondary antibodies. The assay required minimal sample preparation, could be completed in 1 h, was performed in 96 wells microtitreplates and required no wash steps. The limit of detection for the duplex enrichment MIA was 100–1000 cfu ml^?1, which was a hundred times lower than of an enrichment-ELISA. Without enrichment, the sensitivity of MIA and ELISA was largely similar and ranged between 10⁶ and 10⁷ cells ml^?1. No difference in sensitivity was found between a MIA in a single or duplex format. In a comparative test with non-infected potato plant extracts and extracts from plants infected with Pca or Dcd, results of the enrichment MIA correlated well with those of the enrichment ELISA and enrichment PCR. These results indicate that MIA can be reliably used for multiplex detection of soft rot Enterbacteriaceae in crude potato plant extracts. The technology is an attractive and cost-effective alternative to other detection methods, including ELISA.     

丛枝菌根真菌改善镉胁迫下植物根系和土壤微环境的效应

为探究Cd胁迫下丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对植物根系和土壤微环境的影响,以黑麦草为供试植物、变形球囊霉(Glomus versiforme)为供试AMF,以Cd浓度(0、10、20、30 mg·kg^-1)和是否对黑麦草接种AMF为双因素,设计8个处理,开展盆栽试验。结果显示:随着Cd浓度增加,AMF侵染率和孢子数量显著(P<0.05)降低。相同Cd浓度下,接种AMF显著(P<0.05)改善了黑麦草的根系构型(根系总长度、根系总投影面积、根系总体积、根尖数、根分叉数)。在相同Cd浓度下,接种AMF显著(P<0.05)增加了土壤中真菌、细菌和放线菌的数量,土壤微生物生物量碳、微生物生物量氮含量,以及土壤多酚氧化酶活性,和土壤易提取球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白和总球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白含量。这说明,接种AMF能够通过改善植物根系和微生物环境、提高土壤相关酶活性和球囊霉素含量等,增加植物抗性。     

金属氧化物改性生物炭对镉污染土壤菠菜生长和镉积累的影响

对重金属具有良好吸附能力的金属氧化物改性生物炭材料是近年来热门的土壤修复材料,然而关于不同金属氧化物改性生物炭对土壤中Cd钝化的研究较少。本研究采用Cd污染农田土壤开展菠菜盆栽试验,研究了铁氧体改性生物炭、磁铁矿改性生物炭和水滑石改性生物炭对菠菜生长和Cd积累的影响。结果表明：在施用量均为5 g·kg^-1的条件下,金属氧化物改性生物炭处理可显著提高土壤pH和有机质含量。与对照相比,铁氧体改性生物炭、磁铁矿改性生物炭和水滑石改性生物炭使土壤DTPA-Cd含量分别降低了23.4%、24.8%和37.1%,生物富集系数降低了4.00%、13.3%和65.0%。此外,水滑石改性生物炭使植株干质量增加4.27倍,显著降低了Cd积累量（59.5%）。金属氧化物改性生物炭能提高土壤pH,增加土壤有机质含量,降低土壤Cd的有效性和移动性,提高土壤质量,进而促进菠菜的生长和抑制菠菜对Cd的积累。研究表明,水滑石改性生物炭在促进菠菜生长和钝化土壤Cd方面具有较大优势。     

金属硫酸盐浸种对水稻种子萌发和秧苗镉吸收的影响

为了解金属硫酸盐浸种对水稻种子萌发和秧苗吸收Cd等元素的影响,以水稻品种五丰优286为试验材料,选择多种浓度的硫酸亚铁(FeSO₄)、硫酸锌(ZnSO₄)和硫酸锰(MnSO₄)作为浸种剂进行室内催芽和水培试验,测定水稻胚根长、胚芽长、发芽率,以及秧苗中的Cd、Mg、B、P、K含量。结果显示,FeSO₄和MnSO₄浸种均可提高水稻的发芽率,促进胚根和胚芽生长,且能有效降低秧苗中的Cd含量;而ZnSO₄浸种对水稻胚根和胚芽的生长表现出明显的抑制作用,且会增加秧苗中的Cd含量。FeSO₄和MnSO₄浸种对水稻秧苗Mg、B、P、K的吸收无明显抑制作用,且FeSO₄浸种对秧苗B的吸收有促进作用。总的来看,FeSO₄和MnSO₄浸种具有较好的降低水稻Cd吸收的应用潜力,值得进一步深入研究。     

镉低积累水稻品种选育研究进展

水稻（Oryza sativa L.）是我国主要粮食作物之一,稻米镉超标问题严重威胁人体健康。降低稻米镉污染风险,实现水稻安全生产迫在眉睫。镉低积累水稻品种选育是降低稻米镉污染风险经济有效的方法之一。从常规表型筛选到分子标记辅助筛选,从常规育种到分子标记辅助育种、基因工程育种、基因编辑和分子设计育种等分子育种技术,低镉水稻品种选育技术将会走向精准化、高效化与智能化,为水稻的安全生产提供了巨大推动力。综述了镉低积累水稻品种筛选与低镉水稻材料创制的研究进展,并对未来低镉水稻新一代分子育种技术的发展方向进行展望,旨在为保障我国粮食安全与居民健康提供科学支撑。     

Nutritional composition of rotifers following a change in diet from yeast and emulsified oil to microalgae

Rotifers, Brachionus plicatilis, fed baker's yeast and a lipid emulsion (High DNA Super Selco, INVE Aquaculture NV Systems SA, Belgium), were harvested and fed Isochrysis galbana for 72 h, the nutrient composition was analysed during this period. The enrichment effect on the rotifers following transfer to I. galbana was most pronounced for ascorbic acid and thiamin. I. galbana seemed to contribute very little as a source of the lipid-soluble vitamins. Most of the minerals and trace elements were unaffected by the transfer to I. galbana, but Fe, Mn, As and Cd increased, Cu and Ni decreased whereas the effect on Cr and Mo were uncertain. The fatty acid composition of the rotifers changed towards the composition of I. galbana during the experimental period. Intermediate glycogen levels were measured in the rotifers at all sampling times. With the exception of lysine, serine and proline, all amino acid levels seemed to be unaffected by the transfer to I. galbana. This study showed that transfer of rotifers to microalgae (I. galbana) feeding had a positive effect on nutritional value. Macronutrients were maintained at adequate levels, and algal feeding improved the nutritional quality of rotifers with respect to water-soluble vitamins. Changes in rotifer nutrient composition are discussed in relation to nutritional requirements of fish larvae.