丛枝菌根真菌改善镉胁迫下植物根系和土壤微环境的效应

为探究Cd胁迫下丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对植物根系和土壤微环境的影响,以黑麦草为供试植物、变形球囊霉(Glomus versiforme)为供试AMF,以Cd浓度(0、10、20、30 mg·kg^-1)和是否对黑麦草接种AMF为双因素,设计8个处理,开展盆栽试验。结果显示:随着Cd浓度增加,AMF侵染率和孢子数量显著(P<0.05)降低。相同Cd浓度下,接种AMF显著(P<0.05)改善了黑麦草的根系构型(根系总长度、根系总投影面积、根系总体积、根尖数、根分叉数)。在相同Cd浓度下,接种AMF显著(P<0.05)增加了土壤中真菌、细菌和放线菌的数量,土壤微生物生物量碳、微生物生物量氮含量,以及土壤多酚氧化酶活性,和土壤易提取球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白和总球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白含量。这说明,接种AMF能够通过改善植物根系和微生物环境、提高土壤相关酶活性和球囊霉素含量等,增加植物抗性。     

四川盆北地震重灾区农林复合模式的土壤培肥改土效果

【目的】了解四川盆北地震重灾区不同农林复合模式对土壤的培肥改土效应,以筛选出适宜的农林复合模式。【方法】对四川盆北地震重灾区8种农林复合模式(梨树+蕉藕(LSJO)、梨树+胡豆(LSHD)、梨树+油菜(LSYC)、梨树+红苕(LSHS)、核桃+蕉藕(HTJO)、核桃+魔芋(HTMY)、枇杷+大豆(PPDD)、枇杷+红苕(PPHS))和农地对照(CK)的土壤物理性质、养分含量和酶活性进行研究,并利用隶属函数法对各模式的土壤抗蚀性、肥力和培肥改土效应进行综合评价。【结果】8种农林复合模式与CK相比,土壤非毛管孔隙、毛管孔隙、总孔隙、通气度、自然含水量、最大持水量、毛管持水量、最小持水量和排水能力分别增加17.6%—161.8%、11.6%—32.7%、12.5%—45.2%、17.9%—79.5%、10.7%—35.4%、13.7%—48.6%、12.0%—33.1%、16.4%—58.7%和10.4%—25.3%;0.25 mm土壤团聚体(干筛)、0.25 mm水稳性团聚体(湿筛)和水稳性团聚体平均重量直径分别增加0.9%—7.2%、5.6%—18.1%和14.8%—138.7%;结构体破坏率和不稳定团粒指数分别降低24.0%—51.4%和17.1%—54.7%;0.002 mm土壤黏粒含量、结构性颗粒指数、团聚状况、团聚度和物理稳定性指数分别增加15.1%—45.2%、14.2%—28.9%、69.3%—417.3%、58.3%—256.6%和3.5%—23.9%;0.05 mm微团聚体含量、分散率、侵蚀系数和受蚀性指数分别降低5.4%—33.7%、8.4%—44.1%、18.0%—49.8%和19.1%—75.1%;有机碳、全氮和碱解氮含量分别增加7.1%—46.7%、4.3%—30.9%和18.8%—57.5%;有效磷和速效钾含量分别降低1.7%—29.7%和20.8%—53.4%;脲酶、磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性分别增加17.3%—60.0%、34.7%—149.2%和21.0%—102.8%;各模式土壤抗蚀性综合值(CVSA)和培肥改土效应综合值(CVAE)均显著高于农地对照(CK),各模式除梨树+红苕和枇杷+红苕外,土壤肥力综合值(CVSF)均显著高于农地对照(CK)。梨树、核桃和枇杷林下分别以种植蕉藕、蕉藕和大豆具有较高的土壤抗蚀性综合值、土壤肥力综合值和土壤培肥改土效应综合值。土壤抗蚀性综合值与土壤肥力综合值间呈显著正相关(P0.05)。【结论】在梨树林下种植蕉藕、胡豆和油菜,在核桃林下种植蕉藕和魔芋及在枇杷林下种植大豆具有显著的培肥改土效应,对于提高四川盆北地震重灾区土壤抗蚀性和土壤肥力具有重要作用;土壤抗蚀性的提高与土壤肥力的增加具有协同效应。     

密云水库上游流域氮流失规律研究

以1212.69km^2的密云水库上游流域为研究对象,研究了氮素在大尺度范围内的流失规律。结果表明,雨季中、雨季后氮的流失量明显高于雨季前,分别为雨季前的2.9倍、2.36倍;位于下游的监测点氮的浓度偏高;随着雨季的到来旅游景点、果园径流中氮的浓度会明显增加;各项污染物的季节变异系数较大的点,位于农业活动比较剧烈和径流季节变异较大的区域,而在水库或塘坝污染物的季节变异较小。不同水文期,河流水体中氮素的主要形态不同,各监测点雨季前、雨季后以溶解态氮为主,雨季中溶解态氮所占比例有所下降,在部分河道以颗粒态为主。雨季前径流中氮的流失以NO3^--N为主,约占总氮的65%,随着雨季的来临所占比例有所下降。     

Effects of Cadmium and Lead on Plant Growth and Content of Heavy Metals in Arugula Cultivated in Nutritive Solution

A greenhouse assay using an arugula (Eruca sativa L.) hydroponics system was carried out to evaluate the following effects of increasing amounts of cadmium and lead in nutritive solution: (a) production; (b) translocation of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) throughout the plants; (c) possible interactions of Cd and Pb with other mineral elements, transition metals, essential to plants; (d) tolerance limits to Cd and Pb with regard to production; and (e) chelating interaction of Cd and Pb with root substances. The absorption of Cd and Pb increased with increasing dosages in solution. Roots accumulated larger amounts of metals than shoots. Plants develop better with less than 0.025 mg L^?1 of Cd, with a damaging Cd concentration of 1 mg L^?1. The tolerable Pb concentration was up to 10 mg L^?1. Cadmium and Pb translocate poorly in plants and their deleterious effect is due to the deposit of very stable chelates in roots.     

硅对不同pH水田土壤镉吸附热力学特征的影响

以硅酸钠为硅源,在中和其碱性和消除钠离子影响的基础上,进行不同温度条件下的吸附等温试验,探讨了加硅对土壤镉吸附热力学特征的影响。结果表明:不同硅水平下,Freundlich方程均可较好地描述三种温度下(25、35、45℃)两种土壤镉的吸附特征;在不同的温度下,加硅均降低了碱性土壤镉的吸附容量、增大了其吸附强度,增加了酸性土壤镉的吸附容量、降低了其吸附强度;两种土壤吸附镉的热力学参数均为ΔG0、ΔH0、ΔS0,说明土壤对镉的吸附均是吸热、熵增的自发过程;加硅后,碱性土壤对镉吸附过程的ΔG变大、ΔH变小、ΔS变小,酸性土壤对镉吸附过程的ΔG变小、ΔH变大、ΔS变大,说明与对照相比,加硅使碱性土壤吸附镉的自发性降低,使酸性土壤吸附镉的自发性提高。     

Sulfur Alleviates Growth Inhibition and Oxidative Stress Caused by Cadmium Toxicity in Rice

A hydroponic experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of sulfur (S) on growth inhibition and oxidative stress caused by Cd²⁺ toxicity, using two rice cultivars with different grain Cd²⁺ content. Treatments consisted of factorial arrangement of three S levels (0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 mmol), two cadmium (Cd) levels (0 and 1 μ mol), and two rice cultivars (‘Bing 97252,’ a cultivar with low grain Cd²⁺ content, and ‘Xiushui 63,’ a cultivar with high grain Cd²⁺ content). The results showed that Cd²⁺ addition in the medium generally increased Cd²⁺ and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in both roots and shoots; the increases were more pronounced in ‘Xuishui 63’ than in ‘Bing 97252.’ Dramatic reductions in growth parameters, including plant height, root and shoot weight, tillers per plant, chlorophyll content, and net photosynthetic rate were found in the plants exposed to Cd stress relative to the plants without Cd²⁺ treatment. ‘Xiushui 63’ showed more sensitivity than ‘Bing 97252’ under Cd²⁺ exposure. In comparison with the lower S level (0.2 mmol), the higher S levels (0.4 and 0.6 mmol) helped alleviate Cd toxicity, characterized by a significant increase in growth parameters, and a decrease in Cd²⁺ and MDA content in both roots and shoots. In addition, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the plants varied among tissues, cultivars, and Cd treatments. High Cd²⁺ and MDA content was consistently accompanied by higher SOD activity, and higher S levels caused a marked increase in glutathione content and a reduction in SOD activity, indicating a positive effect of S in alleviating oxidative stress.     

Effect of cadmium toxicity on micronutrient concentration,uptake and partitioning in seven rice cultivars

Heavy metal uptake, translocation and partitioning differ greatly among plant cultivars and plant parts. A pot experiment was conducted to determine the effect of cadmium (Cd) levels (0, 45 and 90 mg kg^?1 soil) on dry matter yield, and concentration, uptake and translocation of Cd, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu in seven rice cultivars. Application of 45 mg Cd kg^?1 soil decreased root and shoot dry weight. On average, shoot and root Cd concentrations and uptake increased in all cultivars, but micronutrients uptake decreased following the application of 45 mg Cd kg^?1. No significant differences were observed between 45 and 90 mg kg^?1 Cd levels. On average, Cd treatments resulted in a decrease in Zn, Fe and Mn concentrations in shoots and Zn, Cu and Mn concentrations in roots. Differences were observed in Cd and micronutrient concentrations and uptake among rice cultivars. Translocation factor, defined as the shoot/root concentration ratio indicated that Cu and Fe contents in roots were higher than in shoots. The Mn concentration was much higher in shoots. Zinc concentrations were almost similar in the two organs of rice at 0 and 45 mg Cd kg^?1. A higher Cd level, however, led to a decrease in the Zn concentration in shoots.     

Influence of Cadmium Toxicity on Growth and Antioxidant Enzyme Activity in Rice Cultivars with Different Grain Cadmium Accumulation

Abstract

The effect of cadmium (Cd) toxicity on growth, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant enzymes was studied using two rice cultivars, Bing 97252 with low and Xiushui 63 with high grain Cd accumulation. Plants were exposed to 0–5 μ M Cd in hydroponic culture. Cadmium stress inhibited plant height and chlorophyll content and altered melondialdehyde (MDA) content and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD). Roots and shoots responded differently to Cd in terms of antioxidant enzyme activity. Generally, the activities of SOD, POD, and CAT decreased with increase in Cd level, while the activity of MDA increased with increase in Cd level. With the increase in Cd concentration in nutrient solution, MDA content in shoots and roots of Xiushui 63 increased at a much higher rate than did that of Bing 97252 at both growth stages. At booting stage, a decrease of 46%–52% in SOD activity was noted in plant roots grown under 5 μ M Cd, while at tillering stage the decrease was 13%–19% compared with the control. A significant decrease in chlorophyll content and plant height was noted under higher Cd treatment (1.0 and 5.0 μ mol) at two stages. The higher MDA and lower chlorophyll content in the cultivar Xiushui 63 showed that it is more sensitive to Cd than the cultivar Bing 97252.     

纤维素降解菌对农业有机废弃物发酵进行CO2施肥的作用

采用室内培养和大棚试验相结合,对分离的3种纤维素降解菌在有机废弃物发酵释放CO2中的作用及其对增加大棚CO2浓度的效果进行了研究。结果表明,分离获得的三种菌均能明显促进有机废弃物发酵CO2的释放,其中菌A和菌C的效果优于菌B;3种菌混合接种时效果最佳。在大棚栽培条件下,昼间CO2浓度大部分时间低于300μL/L,处于亏缺状态;采用棚中不接种直接发酵也可大幅提高大棚的CO2浓度,但释放的时间只有9 d左右;采用3种菌混合接种的方法棚内全天维持CO2浓度800μL/L以上的时间可达14 d以上。     

水培条件下CO2与NH+4/NO-3配比对番茄幼苗生育的影响

升高CO₂浓度能够促进作物的光合作用，提高作物的生物量和产量，但关于CO₂与NH⁺₄/NO^-₃比及其交互作用对作物影响的研究较少，为探索番茄幼苗生长发育对CO₂浓度升高的响应是否对NH⁺₄/NO^-₃配比有较强的依赖关系，本试验在营养液栽培条件下，以番茄(Lycopersicun esculentum Mill)为试材，研究正常大气CO₂浓度(360 μL/L)和倍增CO₂浓度(720 μL/L)与不同NH⁺₄/NO^-₃配比的交互作用对番茄幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：CO₂浓度升高提高了低NH⁺₄/NO^-₃比例处理中番茄叶片的光合速率和水分利用率，提高幅度随NH⁺₄/NO^-₃比例的降低而增强，光合速率增强最大达55%。在同一CO₂浓度处理下净光合速率与水分利用率均随NH⁺₄/NO^-₃比例的增加而显著降低。这说明CO₂浓度升高对番茄幼苗生长发育的促进作用随NH⁺₄/NO^-₃比例的降低而提高，但并没有减弱全NH⁺₄-N处理中番茄幼苗的受毒害作用。综上所述，CO₂浓度升高能提高植物生产的节水能力和水分生产力；水培条件下，NO^-₃-N是最适合番茄幼苗生长发育的氮源，其它NH⁺₄/NO^-₃比例对番茄幼苗的生长发育有一定的抑制作用，仅以NH⁺₄-N作氮源则番茄幼苗很难生长。