Cadmium‐induced changes in glutathione and phenolics of Thlaspi and Noccaea species differing in Cd accumulation

Glutathione (GSH) and phenolics play an important role in plant defense against metal‐ion toxicity. The antioxidant activity and metal‐binding capacity of these compounds can account for the protective effects. In contrast to animal‐cell models, however, the possible interplay among these substances in stress defense of plants is poorly investigated. This study compares the influence of cadmium (Cd) on the profiles of both soluble phenolics and GSH in shoots of different Thlaspi and Noccaea species: two ecotypes of the nonhyperaccumulator T. arvense differing in Cd resistance (ecotype Aigues Vives, Cd‐sensitive, and ecotype Jena, Cd‐resistant) and two Cd‐tolerant Cd‐Zn hyperaccumulators N. praecox and N. caerulescens (formerly Thlaspi praecox and T. caerulescens). To reveal the possible influence of Cd‐induced sulfur (S) shortage on the stress response, plants receiving normal S concentrations (500 μM MgSO₄) and plants treated with surplus S (500 μM MgSO₄ + 500 μM K₂SO₄) were analyzed. Our working hypothesis was that species differences in tolerance to high tissue Cd concentrations should be reflected by differences in endogenous levels of GSH and phenolic compounds. The results reveal clear species‐dependent differences in both the constitutive patterns and the Cd‐ and S‐induced changes in shoot concentrations of GSH and phenolics. However, no simple relationship between these shoot concentrations and Cd accumulation and tolerance can be established.     

The influence of phosphate fertilizer application levels and cultivars on cadmium uptake by Komatsuna (Brassica rapa L. var. perviridis)

Cadmium (Cd) is a common impurity in phosphate fertilizers and application of phosphate fertilizer may contribute to soil Cd accumulation. Changes in Cd burdens to agricultural soils and the potential for plant Cd accumulation resulting from fertilizer input were investigated in this study. A field experiment was conducted on Haplaquept to investigate the influence of calcium superphosphate on extractable and total soil Cd and on growth and Cd uptake of different Komatsuna (Brassica rapa L. var. perviridis) cultivars. Four cultivars of Komatsuna were grown on the soil and harvested after 60 days. The superphosphate application increased total soil Cd from 2.51 to 2.75?mg?kg^?1, 0.1?mol?L^?1 hydrochloric acid (HCl) extractable Cd from 1.48 to 1.55?mg?kg^?1, 0.01?mol?L^?1 HCl extractable Cd from 0.043 to 0.046?mg?kg^?1 and water extractable Cd from 0.0057 to 0.0077?mg?kg^?1. Cd input reached 5.68?g?ha^–1 at a rate of 240?kg?ha^–1 superphosphate fertilizer application. Superphosphate affected dry-matter yield of leaves to different degrees in each cultivar. ‘Nakamachi’ produced the highest yield in 2008 and ‘Hamami No. 2’ in 2009. Compared with the control (no phosphate fertilizer), application of superphosphate at a rate of 240?kg?ha^–1 increased the Cd concentration in dry leaves by 0.14?mg?kg^?1 in ‘Maruha’, 1.03?mg?kg^?1 in ‘Nakamachi’, 0.63?mg?kg^?1 in ‘SC8-007’ in 2008, and by 0.19?mg?kg^?1 in Maruha’, 0.17?mg?kg^?1 in ‘Hamami No. 2’, while it decreased by 0.27?mg?kg^?1 in ‘Nakamachi’ in 2009. Field experiments in two years demonstrated that applications of different levels of calcium superphosphate did not influence Cd concentration in soil and Komatsuna significantly. However, there was a significant difference in Cd concentration of fresh and dry Komatsuna leaves among four cultivars in 2008 and 2009. The highest Cd concentration was found in the ‘Nakamachi’ cultivar (2.14?mg?kg^?1 in 2008 and 1.91?mg?kg^?1 in 2009). The lowest Cd concentration was observed in the ‘Maruha’ cultivar (1.51?mg?kg^?1?dry weight (DW)) in 2008 and in the ‘Hamami No. 2’ cultivar (1.56?mg?kg^?1?DW) in 2009. A decreasing trend in Cd concentration was found in ‘Nakamachi’, followed by ‘SC8-007’, ‘Hamami No. 2’ and ‘Maruha’ successively. It is necessary to consider a low-uptake cultivar for growing in a Cd polluted soil. In these two years’ results, ‘Maruha’ cultivar was the lowest Cd uptake cultivar compared to the others.     

纳米羟基磷灰石对土壤镉化学形态 和水稻镉吸收的影响

采用吸附等温试验和盆栽试验,研究了nano-HAP 对镉的吸附行为和对土壤镉化学形态及水稻Cd 吸 收的影响。吸附等温试验结果表明,nano-HAP 对镉离子有很高的吸附能力,且其吸附行为可用Langumir 方程和 Freundlich 方程很好地描述;盆栽试验结果表明,nano-HAP 明显提高了土壤溶液中pH 值,显著降低了土壤Cd 的生 物有效性,0.5%、1%和2%施用量的nano-HAP 处理下生物有效态Cd 含量分别下降63.21%、80.62%和92.32%。nano- HAP 对Cd 污染下的盆载水稻生长也有一定的促进作用,并显著降低了盆栽水稻籽粒中Cd 的含量,且全部达到国家 规定的可食用标准。     

互花米草入侵对滨海湿地重金属的富集迁移效应

为探究互花米草（Spartina alterniflora）入侵对滨海湿地沉积物重金属的富集迁移效应,为滨海湿地生态保护与合理利用提供依据,在山东省日照市黄家塘湾滨海湿地选取不同互花米草入侵年限的斑块,以5 cm为间隔采集0～30 cm沉积物样品和互花米草样品,分析沉积物和互花米草不同部位中重金属元素Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的含量,并采用地累积指数法、潜在生态风险评价法、生物富集系数及转运系数等方法进行评价。结果表明：湿地沉积物重金属Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd 的含量范围为5.94～31.94 mg(kg^-1,18.59～56.87 mg(kg^-1,4.76～30.36 mg(kg^-1,0.021～0.083 mg(kg^-1,整体低于研究区域重金属环境背景值;但Cu、Pb在0～15 cm内存在轻度污染;与光滩湿地相比,互花米草入侵湿地沉积物中重金属含量增加,且随互花米草入侵年限增加,沉积物重金属含量呈增加趋势,在上层（0～15 cm）表现尤为显著;互花米草不同部位对重金属的累积存在一定差异,大致表现根>叶>茎;不同重金属在根部的富集效应表现为Cd > Zn > Cu > Pb,互花米草对重金属转运效应为Pb > Zn > Cu > Cd。相关分析表明,沉积物中重金属的累积与互花米草入侵对湿地沉积物粒度组成、有机质含量及pH的改变密切相关。不同重金属在沉积物-植物体系的迁移转运差异则主要与互花米草各部位对重金属元素的吸收差异有关。     

蕹菜对土壤环境激素Pb、Cd的吸收效应及相关性分析

采用盆栽试验方法,研究了蕹菜对土壤中重金属类环境激素Pb、Cd的吸收效应,并进行相关性分析,为开展蔬菜重金属污染治理、发展绿色食品和无公害蔬菜提供科学依据。结果表明,土壤中Pb（≤2000 mg/kg）、Cd（≤10.0 mg/kg）对蕹菜株高的抑制作用均不明显,但在最高浓度处理下（Pb 4000 mg/kg,Cd 50.0 mg/kg）,蕹菜株高与空白对照差异显著;土壤中Pb、Cd导致蕹菜地上部减产的最大降幅分别为76.3%和65.8%;随着Pb、Cd投放浓度的增加,蕹菜植株各部位的Pb、Cd含量均呈递增趋势,但地上部对Pb的积累比对Cd的积累弱;蕹菜中Pb、Cd积累量与土壤中Pb、Cd含量相关性显著。     

三疣梭子蟹微卫星文库的构建及序列分析

采用磁珠富集法筛选三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)的微卫星序列。经Sau3AI酶切后的200~1000bp DNA纯化片段,与两端已知序列的人工接头连接,用含有生物素标记的(CA)₁₂和(GA)₁₂探针杂交,根据磁珠的链酶亲和素与生物素特异结合的特性,捕获含微卫星序列的单链DNA,以此为模板用人工接头序列为引物进行PCR扩增,随后将获得的片段连接到PMD18-T载体上,转化至DH5α感受态细胞中,成功构建了微卫星富集文库。测序其中的60个阳性克隆,得到42条微卫星序列(基因登录号为:HQ283153-HQ283194),除探针使用的CA/GT、GA/CT重复外,还得到GAGT重复序列。42条微卫星序列中,完美型31个(占73.8%),非完美型9个(占21.4%),混合型2个(占4.8%)。完美型的比例显著高于非完美型,这与其他真核生物微卫星序列的特征相一致。39条微卫星序列的重复次数大于10(占92.9%),其中,重复次数在10~19次之间的有27个,20次以上的有12个。筛选出的微卫星位点可为今后三疣梭子蟹遗传多样性评价、种群遗传结构鉴定及资源保护研究提供一套有用的分子标记。     

叶面喷施微生物合成纳米硒对水稻硒镉吸收的影响

为探讨喷施微生物合成纳米Se(B)对水稻Se、Cd吸收的影响与籽粒富Se降Cd的效果,本研究通过盆栽试验,研究微生物合成SeNPs喷施5(B5)、10(B10)、20(B20) mg·L^-1对水稻Se、Cd吸收、转运效应,以及与无机Se(S)、有机Se(M)喷施对比,比较水稻籽粒富Se降Cd效果。结果表明,与不喷Se(CK)、S、M处理相比,B5、B10、B20处理提高籽粒Se含量分别为227.52%~366.46%、3.38%~23.31%、30.54%~42.57%,降低籽粒Cd含量分别为10.14%~55.07%、4.08%~36.37%、9.03%~40.77%,籽粒富Se降Cd效果表现为B>S>M>CK,B处理中,籽粒富Se降Cd效果以喷施20 mg·L^-1浓度最佳,高Se与低Se水稻品种间对Se、Cd吸收差异不显著。与CK处理相比,B处理促进了水稻叶片中Cd在细胞壁、液泡组分中的积累,减少了叶绿体、线粒体组分中的积累,促进了叶片中Se在细胞壁、叶绿体组分中的积累,减少了线粒体、液泡组分中的积累。主成分分析和Pearson相关矩阵表明,水稻各部位Se与Cd含量呈负相关关系(P ≤ 0.01)。与CK、M处理相比,B处理对水稻Se生物富集系数分别提高20.63%~264.70%、20.37%~32.86%,表现为S>B>M>CK,B5、B10、B20处理对水稻Cd富集系数分别降低9.10%~25.10%、5.70%~9.65%、10.64%~22.10%,表现为CK>M>S>B。供试水稻Se转移系数表现为根-茎<茎-籽粒<茎-叶,Cd转移系数表现为根-茎<茎-叶<茎-籽粒,与CK、S、M处理相比,B处理均促进了Se向籽粒的转移,减少了Cd向籽粒的富集。与CK、S、M处理相比,B处理均显著提高了水稻叶片SOD、CAT、POD、APX、PAL、Pro、GSH含量,降低了MDA、H₂O₂的含量,高Se水稻品种(泰丰优208)对提高水稻抗氧化酶活性与抗氧化性物质含量效果高于低Se水稻品种(桂野丰)。因此,叶面喷施微生物合成SeNPs在调控水稻Se、Cd吸收、转运与籽粒富Se降Cd方面有着更显著的优势。     

镉砷复合污染条件下镉低吸收水稻品种对镉和砷的吸收和累积特征

为探索镉(Cd)、砷(As)复合污染稻田下不同水稻品种对Cd、As的吸收和累积特征,选取4个低Cd吸收品种(金优463、金优268、金优433和株两优189)和2个当地主栽品种(五丰优111和马坝油毡),在广东韶关红壤区Cd、As复合污染稻田开展大田试验,调查和测定水稻的生长状况以及对Cd、As的吸收与转运情况。结果表明,参试6个水稻品种产量存在显著差异,2个当地主栽品种产量显著高于4个低Cd吸收品种。当地主栽品种马坝油毡籽粒Cd含量显著高于其他品种且超过国家污染物限量标准值(0.2 mg·kg~(-1)),其余品种Cd含量均未超标;6个品种As含量均超过国家标准值(0.2 mg·kg~(-1)),其中金优268籽粒Cd、As含量均为最低值,分别为0.05、0.31 mg·kg~(-1)。相关分析表明,品种间对Cd、As的富集能力和各部位的转运能力存在差异,其中低Cd吸收品种体内Cd从颖壳向籽粒的转运能力较低。因此,为同时降低Cd、As复合污染土壤中水稻籽粒Cd、As含量,在开展低重金属吸收品种选择研究时,需要同时考虑低Cd和低As两种因素。     

晚稻全生育期Cd的迁移转化规律及预测模型研究

为探讨晚稻全生育期Cd的迁移转化规律及预测模型,采用长沙市望城区大田试验土壤-水稻Cd点对点数据,对水稻4个典型生育期(苗期、分蘖期、灌浆期和成熟期)及不同部位(根、茎叶及籽粒)Cd的吸收、累积和分配差异进行研究.结果 表明,同一生育期各部位Cd含量和富集能力均为根＞茎叶＞籽粒,且根部明显高于其他部位,不同生育期差异显...     

栽培条件对水稻镉积累的影响研究进展

综述了不同土壤、肥料与水分等生态栽培条件对水稻镉(Cd)积累的影响。认为土壤类型与土壤p H,有机肥与氮磷钾肥、硅肥、钙肥及其他微量元素肥,以及水分管理等均对水稻镉积累具有明显的影响;淹水是通过影响土壤的各种理化性质来影响土壤镉的生物有效性;合适的栽培方式能在保证水稻产量的同时,减少水稻对镉的吸收与积累。并提出了今后相关的研究方向。