两个氮素利用率不同的水稻品种根系形态及生理特性的差异

The variation in nitrogen (N) uptake by rice has been widely studied but differences in rice root morphology that may contribute to this variation are not completely understood. Field and greenhouse experiments were carried out to study N accumulation, root dry weights, total root lengths, root surface areas, and root bleeding rates of two rice cultivars, Elio with low N-use efficiency and Nanguang with high N-use efficiency. Low (1 mmol N L^-1) and high (5 mmol N L^-1) N applications were established in the greenhouse experiment, and the N rates were 0, 120, and 240 kg ha^-1 in the field experiments at Jiangning and Jiangpu farms, Nanjing, China. The results showed that the N accumulation, root dry weight, total root length, and root surface area increased with an increase in N application. At the heading stage, N accumulation in the shoots and roots of Nanguang was greater than that of Elio in the field experiments and that of Elio at 5 mmol N L^-1 in the greenhouse experiment. After the heading stage, N accumulation was higher for Nanguang at both 1 and 5 mmol N L^-1 in the greenhouse experiment. The total root length and root surface area were significantly different between the two cultivars. Over the range of the fertilizer application rates, the root lengths of Nanguang at Jiangning Farm were 49%-61% greater at booting and 26%-39% greater at heading than those of Elio, and at Jiangpu Farm they were 22%-42% and 26%-38% greater, respectively. Nanguang had a greater root bleeding rate than Elio. It was concluded that the N-use efficiency of the two rice cultivars studied depended to a great extent on the root morphological parameters and root physiological characteristics at different growth stages.     

Dynamic Changes in the Calcium Content of Several Apple Cultivars During the Growing Season

Dynamic changes in calcium content were investigated in eight apple cultivars. The results showed that the calcium concentration in leaves and shoots increased with fruit development. The cultivars displayed only a small difference in the calcium concentration during the early stage of development, the difference became very significant at the late stage of development, especially in shoots. In shoots, for example, calcium content was highest in Starkrimson （19 638.6 mg kg^-1） and lowest in Fuji （8 751.3 mg kg^-1）. Calcium concentration was highest in young fruits and was found to decrease with the growth of fruit, and was characterized by a dramatic drop at the rapid expansion stage. There was a significant difference among cultivars. Young Starkrimson fruits contained the highest calcium concentration of 506.52 mg kg^-1 among cultivars tested, followed by Pink Lady and Fuji. The calcium concentration in mature fruits from high to low is as follows： Starkrimson, Sansa, Pink Lady, Senshu, Gala, Fuji, Red General and New Century. In this study, it was found that eight cultivars continuously assimilated calcium during the whole growing season, especially at the young stage when fruit took up 35-46% of total calcium. The calcium content in fruitlets was low in all cultivars; in the expansion stage, there was rapid absorption of about 30% of total calcium, whereas in the ripening fruit, content of calcium was reduced. The calcium accumulation increased with fruit growth in stalk, similar to that in fruit.     

减源对超高产夏玉米物质积累及氮素利用的影响

通过不同减源处理,研究了在超高产条件下减源对夏玉米物质积累和氮素利用的影响。结果表明：在超高产条件下剪叶1／4和1／2后地上部生物量和籽粒产量未出现显著性下降;减源后玉米植株对氮素的积累量增加;超高产条件下剪叶1／4和1／2都可以提高氮素收获指数,且随剪叶程度加大,氮素收获指数呈现升高的趋势。选育高产条件下叶面积相对小的高产夏玉米品种,是解决高产条件下氮素利用率低的有效途径。     

二维空间完备性基本定理的相互证明

平面上的5个定理,闭区域套定理,有限覆盖定理,聚点定理,致密性定理及Cauthy准则,刻画了R2的完备性,构成了二元函数极限理论的基础.分别以闭区域套定理,有限覆盖定理,聚点定理为基础,证明其它定理,体现了这5个定理之间的相互等价.     

Effects of Nitrogen Forms on Carbon and Nitrogen Accumulation in Tomato Seedling

Utilization of organic nitrogen （N） is an important aspect of plant N assimilation and has potential application in sustainable agriculture. The aim of this study was to investigate the plant growth, C and N accumulation in leaves and roots of tomato seedlings in response to inorganic （NH4^＋-N, NO3^-N） and organic nitrogen （Gly-N）. Different forms of nitrogen （NH4^＋-N, NO3^--N, Gly-N） were supplied to two tomato cultivars （Shenfen 918 and Huying 932） using a hydroponics system. The plant dry biomass, chlorophyll content, root activity, total carbon and nitrogen content in roots and leaves, and total N absorption, etc. were assayed during the cultivation. Our results showed that no significant differences in plant height, dry biomass, and total N content were found within the first 16 d among three treatments; however, significant differences in treatments on 24 d and 32 d were observed, and the order was NO3^--N 〉 Gly-N 〉 NH4^＋-N. Significant differences were also observed between the two tomato cultivars. Chlorophyll contents in the two cultivars were significantly increased by the Gly-N treatment, and root activity showed a significant decrease in NHa^＋-N treatment. Tomato leaf total carbon content was slightly affected by different N forms; however, total carbon in root and total nitrogen in root and leaf were promoted significantly by inorganic and organic N. Among the applied N forms, the increasing effects of the NH4^＋-N treatment were larger than that of the Gly-N. In a word, different N resources resulted in different physiological effects in tomatoes. Organic nitrogen （e.g., Gly-N） can be a proper resource of plant N nutrition. Tomatoes of different genotypes had different responses under organic nitrogen （e.g., Gly-N） supplies.     

黑龙江省超级稻干物质积累及与产量性状的关系

利用田间小区试验,对黑龙江省3个超级稻品种松粳9号、龙稻5号和龙粳14号及其相应对照品种进行干物质积累与产量关系的研究。结果表明,在各生育期超级稻品种的干物质积累量均高于普通对照品种,其中,分蘖盛期高14.2%～34.0%,拔节孕穗期高16.8%～37.9%,齐穗期高20.2%～35.6%,成熟期高15.1%～18.0%。相关分析结果表明,各生育期的总干物重与产量均呈显著或极显著正相关关系(r=0.85*～0.97**),孕穗期叶片、茎鞘干物重及总干物重与穗粒数和结实率两性状均呈显著正相关(r=0.76*～0.82*)。     

浙北平原不同种植年限蔬菜地土壤氮磷的积累及环境风险评价

长期过量施肥可导致蔬菜地土壤养分大量累积、养分利用效率下降和环境污染风险增加。以浙北平原不同种植年限蔬菜地土壤为研究对象,采用化学测试方法研究了菜地土壤氮和磷的积累及其淋失潜力的变化。结果表明,随着种植年限的增加,蔬菜地土壤全磷、有效磷(Olsen P)和NO3-N呈明显的积累;蔬菜种植年限为2、2～5、6～10、11～20、20～30和30a的表土全P平均分别为0.66、0.75、1.07、1.49、2.40和2.12g·kg-1,有效P平均分别为13.2、37.8、42.2、70.2、137.9和101.7mg·kg-1,NO3-N平均分别为9.15、13.58、50.18、46.48、73.28和74.20mg·kg-1,同时土壤N和P垂直下移渐趋明显。土壤水溶性磷含量随土壤有效磷(OlsenP)积累的变化存在一个明显的突变点,相对应的土壤OlsenP临界值约为60mg·kg-1。随着种植年限增长,蔬菜地地表径流中氮和磷浓度呈明显增加,利用年限为20～30a的蔬菜地径流中可溶性P和NO3-N浓度分别约为利用年限2a蔬菜地的13.12和9.48倍。研究认为,长期超量施肥已导致这一地区蔬菜地土壤养分的过度积累,在蔬菜生产中应重视和提倡平衡施肥,控制土壤氮磷的积累。     

光照强度对厚皮甜瓜糖分积累与蔗糖代谢相关酶的影响

【目的】研究不同光照强度对厚皮甜瓜中3种糖分积累与4种蔗糖代谢相关酶活性的影响,以期找到适合秋冬茬甜瓜生长的光照强度。【方法】以"一品天下108"厚皮甜瓜品种为试材,在温度相同的日光温室隔间中,分别设置自然光照、自然光照+补光50μmol/(m2.s)和自然光照+补光100μmol/(m2.s)3个处理,分别于花后7,14,21,28,35,42 d采摘甜瓜果实,研究不同光照强度对甜瓜果实磷酸蔗糖合成酶(SPS)、蔗糖合成酶(SS)、中性转化酶(NI)、酸性转化酶(AI)活性及蔗糖、果糖、可溶性糖积累的影响。【结果】光照越强的处理,厚皮甜瓜果实中果糖、可溶性糖含量和2个转化酶活性越高;在花后7~21 d,光照越强的处理,厚皮甜瓜果实中蔗糖含量越低,但在花后28~42 d,光照最强的处理,果实中蔗糖含量却最高;SPS活性在厚皮甜瓜果实发育过程中呈波动变化,光照最强处理的果实中SPS活性随果实的成熟总体呈升高趋势;自然光照处理中,SS活性在果实发育过程中呈波动变化,2个补光处理果实中的SS活性变化趋势较一致,即在花后7~21 d活性较低,花后28~42 d活性明显升高。【结论】补光程度达到某一阈值后,才会对甜瓜果实糖分积累和蔗糖酶活性的变化有较大影响。就本试验而言,冬季补光50μmol/(m2.s)的效果不明显,补光100μmol/(m2.s)即可获得较为明显的效果。     

章丘大葱生产基地硒元素的生态地球化学研究（英文）

利用局部生态地球化学调查评价成果,对章丘地区大葱产地内土壤中的硒进行了系统研究,分析了表层土壤及大葱中硒的生态地球化学特征,探讨了植物中硒含量同土壤硒含量的关系。研究表明,章丘地区土壤中硒含量充足,适宜发展特色富硒大葱。     

大豆籽粒发育过程中营养物质的积累动态分析

利用北农103、科丰14和中黄13等3个大豆品种,对大豆籽粒发育过程中的鲜物质、干物质、蛋白质、脂肪等营养物质进行测定和积累动态分析。结果表明：在大豆籽粒发育过程中,百粒鲜重、百荚鲜重的增长动态呈先上升后下降的抛物线式变化趋势;百粒干重、百荚干重积累呈先期快速增长,后期平衡的S曲线变化趋势;脂肪含量随着籽粒的形成呈＂S＂型曲线变化,籽粒发育前期积累速度比较明显,中期达到最大值,后略有降低;而蛋白质含量呈W型曲线变化。