Population Studies of Limonium stocksii (Plumbaginacea) from a Salt Desert Near the Arabian Sea Coast

Abstract

A population of Limonium stocksii was studied for one year at the upper end of Manora Creek along the Arabian Sea coast, near Karachi, Pakistan. The community was divided into three zones. Soil pH varied from 8.1 to 8.5. Soil conductivity was highest (191 dS m^?1) in September and lowest (55 dS m^?1) in June. Soil water content was relatively low and varied from 1.6% in February to 9.5% in June. Limonium stocksii maintained a persistent seed bank, which peaked at 5,887 seeds m^?2 in May. Very slow growth was observed; however, plants in the intermediate zone showed better growth than the other two zones. Stem and leaf tissue water content were affected by salinity fluctuations, but root tissue water remained unaffected. Sodium (Na⁺) and chloride (Cl^?) accumulated in stems and leaves more than other ions. Leaves also accumulated a very high amount of magnesium (Mg⁺⁺) compared to roots and stems.     

贵州省习水县二郎电厂厂址区稳定性研究

在掌握习水县二郎区域地质构造的基础上，通过对二郎电厂厂址区内水文地质、滑坡、洪积泥流一残坡积碎石土混合堆积体、岩土体的浅表层变形及断裂与地震危险性的调查研究分析，确定厂址区的稳定性，并做出结论及建议，为二郎电厂的施工提供科学依据。     

Accumulation of Zinc and Molar Ratio of Phytic Acid and Zinc during Maize Grain Maturation

Dynamics of the accumulation of total ash and zinc, and their relationships with total dry matter, crude proteins and phytic acid during maize grain maturation were investigated. The investigation was carried out on normal maize hybrids grown under the same topographical and agrotechnical conditions over two consecutive vegetation years.
The amount of total ash, expressed on fresh and dry matter bases, changed significantly (P = 0.05 and P = 0.01) during grain maturation depending on maturity stage and variety. The dynamics of the accumulation of ash in fresh grain matter during maturation as well as the ash amount in dry matter of mature grains were significantly affected by environmental conditions.
The accumulation of zinc in fresh matter of developing grain was significantly affected (P = 0.05 and P = 0.01) by the degree of grain maturity and by variety, and correlates significantly (P = 0.001) and positively with the deposition of total dry matter, crude proteins as well as with phytic acid in both vegetation years.
The molar ratio of phytic acid and zinc increased significantly during grain maturation indicating a possible decrease of zinc availability.     

人工湿地系统中梭鱼草和香蒲对镉积累的动态变化

为探讨人工湿地系统中挺水植物梭鱼草(Pontederia cordata)和香蒲(Typha orientalis)对镉(Cd)积累的动态变化,通过在室外表面流人工湿地采样和室内分析相结合的方法,对8-12月梭鱼草和香蒲地上部和地下部的生物量、镉含量及积累量的动态变化进行了分析。结果表明,梭鱼草根部和茎叶镉含量为0.25~0.70mg/kg和0.07~0.18mg/kg,香蒲根部和茎叶镉含量为0.16~0.39mg/kg和0.11~0.17mg/kg,根部镉含量均显著高于各自的茎叶部,两种植物各部位镉含量均在10月达到最大值,两者对镉的富集与转运能力均随着月份的变化而变化,都呈先增高、后降低的趋势;其中,梭鱼草对底泥镉的富集系数为0.76~3.13,香蒲为0.63~0.91,两者的富集系数最高值均出现在10月;两者的转运量系数分别为1.12~10.47、3.25~8.10,最大值分别出现在9月、10月。在10月之前,同一月份梭鱼草地上部的生物量和对湿地中镉积累量均极显著或显著高于香蒲。两种植物地上部分生物量和对湿地中镉积累量均极显著高于地下部分(P<0.01)。综合考虑两种植物的生物量及对镉的积累量,9月和10月分别为梭鱼草和香蒲地上部分最佳收获月份,能够最大化去除湿地系统中的镉。     

毛竹林凋落叶分解失重及养分累积归还模式

经过１０４周对２个试验点上包括３种立竹度和２种林分组成共５种处理条件下的毛竹林凋落叶的分解过程研究，结果表明：分解初期失重迅速，而后趋于缓慢。分解剩余率与分解时间之间存在着指数函数关系。林分立竹度和组成对竹林凋落叶分解速度有着显著影响，竹栎混交林及立竹度为３０１５株／ｈｍ＾２纯竹林处理下，凋落叶的分解速度分别高于纯竹林的其它２种立竹度处理。剩余物中的Ｎ、Ｐ的浓度随分解呈增加趋势，两者变化模式相似，     

磷素环境与马褂木种源的生长和干物质积累

自然土壤中有效磷含量很低,难以满足植物最佳生长的需要。据统计,在全世界13·19亿hm2的耕地中约有43%缺磷,而我国耕地则有2/3缺磷(何绪生等,1998)。我国南方地区高温多雨,富铝化作用明显,多数土壤呈酸性或强酸性,磷素固定强烈,土壤有效磷含量仅在1~2mg·kg-1(邱燕等,2003)。虽然施用磷肥的效果显著,但其利用率一般不超过10%,多为土壤固定并转变成植物较难吸收的Ca-P、Fe-P和Al-P等(熊毅,1997)。鉴于植物具有将土壤难溶态磷转化为有效态磷并加以吸收利用的能力,通过选育磷高效利用的植物品种来开发土壤中难溶态的磷素资源,可减小对施用磷…     

杜仲叶内杜仲胶的形成积累规律

通过对杜仲叶内杜仲胶形成与积累的动态进行全面系统的研究,探索杜仲叶含胶性状年变化和逐年变化的特点和规律以及不同着生部位叶片含胶率随叶龄变化的规律.结果表明:在一年的不同季节中,叶片含胶率差异很大,春季展叶时,叶片含胶率最低,6月下旬达到最大值,着生在枝条不同部位的叶片虽然展叶时间不同,但是叶片含胶率都是在展叶时最低,在叶龄50~65 d时,含胶率几乎都达到最大值,杜仲叶片含胶率与叶龄的相关性达到了极显著水平;杜仲叶片含胶率随着树龄的增大含胶率总体呈提高的趋势并逐步趋于稳定.     

A review of the effect of stresses between lifting and planting on nursery stock quality and performance

This paper presents the experimental evidence on the effects of desiccation, low and high temperatures, rough handling, root loss and storage between lifting and planting on plant quality and performance. The review concentrates on the impact of these stresses on outplanting performance; their effect on seedling properties, such as root growth potential and root electrolyte leakage, is also described. Stresses most often happen in combination but there is relatively little information on their interactions. Examples of desiccation plus rough handling, cold storage plus desiccation, frost damage plus freeze storage and the triple stress of desiccation, heating and rough handling are presented. The limited evidence on the cumulative effect of stresses suggests tentatively that damage from rough handling does not accumulate in the same way as damage from desiccation and prolonged storage. Factors affecting stress resistance are briefly reviewed.There are three impediments to producing a critical review of the literature: experimental treatments, particularly of desiccation and rough handling, can rarely be directly compared; the impact of stress treatments can be modified by a large number of factors, and the levels of stress have seldom been quantified in normal forestry practice. The first two problems also make it difficult to formulate general statements concerning critical thresholds for the stresses. However, instruments are now available for measuring and monitoring stresses between lifting and planting and it is, in theory, possible to model the effects of these stresses to take account of the many factors that modify their impact on seedling survival and growth. This offers the possibility of significant improvements in our ability to predict the effect of stresses between lifting and planting on seedling performance.     

Tree size dependence of litter production, and above-ground net production in a young Hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) stand

The study was carried out in a 9-year-old hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa (Sieb. et Zucc.) Endl.), stand over a span of three years from July 1992 to June 1995, primarily to predict litter production from exteral tree dimensions by combining open-top clothtrap and clipping methods. Litter production was virtually concentrated in October and November. Stem cross-sectional area at the crown base was proved to be the reliable predictor of litter production, and that single regression model was evolved irrespective of year. The regression model had proportional constants of 2.696 × 10⁻² and 3.540 × 10⁻² kg cm⁻² year⁻¹ for leaf litter and total litter production, respectively. Utilizing the model, leaf litter production of the stand was assessed to be 5.04, 5.12, and 4.99, and total litter production to be 6.48, 6.58, and 6.40 Mg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ for the first, second and third year, respectively. Biomass increment was 6.67, 7.80, and 7.70, tree mortality was 0.15, 0.13, and 0.41, and insect grazing was 0.09, 0.05, and 0.002 Mg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ for the first, second and third year, respectively. Above-groud net production was therefore 13.39, 14.55, and 14.51, Mg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, and biomass accumulation ratio (biomass/net production) was 1.86, 2.21, and 2.76 year for the first, second and third year, respectively. Considering data from earlier studies and the results of this study, biomass accumulation ratio,BAR (year), of hinoki stands was best related to above-ground biomass,y (Mg ha⁻¹), using the power function:BAR=0.112y ^0.936. Excluding seedling stands, leaf efficiency (above-ground net production per unit leaf mass) of hinoki stands was 0.91±0.02 (SE) Mg Mg⁻¹ year⁻¹, irrespective of stand biomass or age.     

杜仲皮内杜仲胶形成积累的规律

为了弄清杜仲皮含胶率的年变化、逐年变化和垂直变化的特点和规律,为杜仲皮内杜仲胶的有效利用提供科学依据,2002年,在河南省嵩县杜仲综合试验示范基地进行了杜仲皮内杜仲胶形成积累的试验.试验方法为选择典型样株法和随机取样法;杜仲皮样品采集后均进行了发汗处理;采用杜仲胶综合提取法测定含胶率.试验结果表明:杜仲树皮含胶率在一年内的变化不明显;树龄为6 a以前的树皮其含胶率随树龄的增长而提高,树龄为6 a以后的树皮其含胶率有所下降并逐步趋于稳定;同一单株杜仲树皮的含胶率和杜仲胶的密度,随其主干高度的增加总体呈上升趋势;由于杜仲皮含胶率在一年中比较稳定,因而在不同的生长季节均可以取皮利用,且以树龄为6 a的杜仲皮最为适宜;由于树皮木栓层不含杜仲胶,随着树龄增加,树皮木栓层逐步形成,树皮含胶率降低,利用率随之降低.