The influence of phosphate fertilizer application levels and cultivars on cadmium uptake by Komatsuna (Brassica rapa L. var. perviridis)

Cadmium (Cd) is a common impurity in phosphate fertilizers and application of phosphate fertilizer may contribute to soil Cd accumulation. Changes in Cd burdens to agricultural soils and the potential for plant Cd accumulation resulting from fertilizer input were investigated in this study. A field experiment was conducted on Haplaquept to investigate the influence of calcium superphosphate on extractable and total soil Cd and on growth and Cd uptake of different Komatsuna (Brassica rapa L. var. perviridis) cultivars. Four cultivars of Komatsuna were grown on the soil and harvested after 60 days. The superphosphate application increased total soil Cd from 2.51 to 2.75?mg?kg^?1, 0.1?mol?L^?1 hydrochloric acid (HCl) extractable Cd from 1.48 to 1.55?mg?kg^?1, 0.01?mol?L^?1 HCl extractable Cd from 0.043 to 0.046?mg?kg^?1 and water extractable Cd from 0.0057 to 0.0077?mg?kg^?1. Cd input reached 5.68?g?ha^–1 at a rate of 240?kg?ha^–1 superphosphate fertilizer application. Superphosphate affected dry-matter yield of leaves to different degrees in each cultivar. ‘Nakamachi’ produced the highest yield in 2008 and ‘Hamami No. 2’ in 2009. Compared with the control (no phosphate fertilizer), application of superphosphate at a rate of 240?kg?ha^–1 increased the Cd concentration in dry leaves by 0.14?mg?kg^?1 in ‘Maruha’, 1.03?mg?kg^?1 in ‘Nakamachi’, 0.63?mg?kg^?1 in ‘SC8-007’ in 2008, and by 0.19?mg?kg^?1 in Maruha’, 0.17?mg?kg^?1 in ‘Hamami No. 2’, while it decreased by 0.27?mg?kg^?1 in ‘Nakamachi’ in 2009. Field experiments in two years demonstrated that applications of different levels of calcium superphosphate did not influence Cd concentration in soil and Komatsuna significantly. However, there was a significant difference in Cd concentration of fresh and dry Komatsuna leaves among four cultivars in 2008 and 2009. The highest Cd concentration was found in the ‘Nakamachi’ cultivar (2.14?mg?kg^?1 in 2008 and 1.91?mg?kg^?1 in 2009). The lowest Cd concentration was observed in the ‘Maruha’ cultivar (1.51?mg?kg^?1?dry weight (DW)) in 2008 and in the ‘Hamami No. 2’ cultivar (1.56?mg?kg^?1?DW) in 2009. A decreasing trend in Cd concentration was found in ‘Nakamachi’, followed by ‘SC8-007’, ‘Hamami No. 2’ and ‘Maruha’ successively. It is necessary to consider a low-uptake cultivar for growing in a Cd polluted soil. In these two years’ results, ‘Maruha’ cultivar was the lowest Cd uptake cultivar compared to the others.     

海泡石及钙镁磷肥对烟草主要农艺性状及吸收镉的影响

采用田间小区试验,研究海泡石和钙镁磷肥在400、800 g/m2处理水平下对烟田土壤有效态Cd含量、土壤pH值、烟草Cd含量及主要农艺性状的影响。结果表明,在本试验条件下,海泡石和钙镁磷肥均能有效降低烟田土壤中有效态Cd含量,减少土壤Cd向烟草各组织的迁移转运,2种材料的效果差异不显著;施用海泡石和钙镁磷肥均能小幅度提高土壤pH值,但不能过量施用;400 g/m2钙镁磷肥处理能提高烟叶鲜重,800 g/m2钙镁磷肥和海泡石处理对烟叶鲜重、株高、有效叶数均无显著影响。     

水分管理对水稻镉吸收的影响

以晚稻品种玉针香和湘晚籼12号为供试材料,研究了3种水分灌溉方式(W1,长期淹水灌溉;W2,湿润灌溉;W3,阶段性湿润灌溉)对水稻糙米镉含量的影响。结果表明,在水稻生长的3个关键时期(分蘖期、灌浆期、成熟期),各部位镉含量、富集系数均以W3处理最高,W1处理最低;玉针香糙米镉含量W1处理分别比W2、W3处理低56.52%和66.67%,且W1处理与W3处理间存在显著差异;湘晚籼12号糙米镉含量W1处理分别比W2、W3处理低65.22%和52.94%,但各处理间差异不显著。可见,长期淹水灌溉是一项能够有效降低糙米镉含量的农艺措施。     

灌木幼苗对镉毒害的敏感性差异

为探究灌木幼苗及不同测试终点对镉（Cd）毒害的抗性和敏感性差异,选取了12种常见的灌木植物,通过Cd对灌木幼苗毒害的水培试验,测定不同含量Cd处理［0（对照）、0.5、1.0、2.0、4.0、8.0、16.0、32.0 mg·L^-1］下植物的生长状况（表观毒害症状、株高、地上部鲜重和干重、根系生长状态）,比较不同测试终点稳定性,并运用Burr-Ⅲ模型制作物种敏感性分布图（species sensitivity distributions,SSD）,分析不同灌木幼苗对Cd的敏感性。结果表明,供试植物在Cd含量为1.0~4.0 mg·L^-1时开始出现表观毒害症状;Cd对不同的植物地上部和根系毒害阈值差异较大,地上部干重减少10%（EC₁₀）和50%（EC₅₀）对应的毒性阈值变化范围分别为0.11（海桐）~1.30 mg·L^-1（八角金盘）和2.58（金森女贞）~10.90 mg·L^-1（八角金盘）,差异分别达到了11.8和4.2倍;根分支数对应的EC₁₀和EC₅₀变化范围分别为0.08（金森女贞）~1.27 mg·L^-1（八角金盘）和2.40（金森女贞）~10.30 mg·L^-1（八角金盘）,差异分别达到了15.8和4.3倍;不同测试终点的敏感性从大到小依次为根分枝数>总根长>总根表面积>总根尖数>地上部分干重>株高>地上部分鲜重,说明根系指标对Cd毒性更为敏感;基于地上部干重和根分支数的EC₅₀数据得到的SSD表明,大部分植物的敏感性分布趋于一致,其中金森女贞和海桐对Cd毒害最为敏感,八角金盘为Cd毒害的抗性品种;同时,根据SSD得出保护95%林木品质不受Cd毒害的生态风险阈值HC₅。     

镉胁迫下苦楝(Melia azedarach L.)幼苗的生长及生理响应

采用盆栽试验研究不同浓度Cd(0、30、60、90、120、150、180 mg·kg~(-1))处理对苦楝(Melia azedarach L.)幼苗生长、Cd积累、光合、质膜透性以及渗透调节的影响。结果表明,当Cd2+浓度≤60 mg·kg~(-1)时显著促进苦楝幼苗生物量的积累(P0.05),Cd2+浓度60mg·kg~(-1)时抑制作用逐渐增强,但≤120 mg·kg~(-1)Cd处理对株高影响不显著(P0.05),植株能正常生长且保持较大的生物量;苦楝对Cd具有一定的积累能力,其根、茎、叶中Cd含量随Cd处理浓度的增加而增加,且根系是主要积累部位;随着Cd处理浓度的增加,叶绿素(Chla+b)含量和光合速率(Pn)下降,相对电导率(REC)和丙二醛(MDA)含量增大,但≤60 mg·kg~(-1)Cd处理时均无明显变化;随Cd浓度的升高,可溶性糖含量下降,可溶性蛋白和游离脯氨酸呈先升后降趋势,游离脯氨酸含量始终高于CK,苦楝通过增加可溶性蛋白和游离脯氨酸的含量来维持Cd胁迫下的渗透平衡,从而降低Cd毒害。上述结果表明,苦楝对Cd具有一定耐性,其耐Cd胁迫的阈值浓度大约是120 mg·kg~(-1),可以将其应用于土壤Cd污染区域,在美化环境的同时修复土壤Cd污染。     

Cadmium Accumulation and Tolerance of Two Salix Genotypes Hydroponically Grown in Presence of Cadmium

Abstract

In general, according to previous studies, pioneer species do not require arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to increase their growth and survival in tropical systems. The aim of this study was to determine the dependence response to AMF of Heliocarpus appendiculatus, a pioneer species, at different phosphorus (P) levels. In a greenhouse experiment, H. appendiculatus seedlings were grown in pots with a sterile vermiculite-sand mixture (1:1). Two sets of pots were set up: One set was inoculated (150 spores per pot) with indigenous AMF from a tropical rain forest at “Los Tuxtlas” (Veracruz, Mexico); the other set was not inoculated. To each set, 0, 0.02, 0.2, and 2 g L^?1P was added. All pots were watered with 250 mL of nutrient solution. Mycorrhizal plants showed a higher total dry weight and relative growth rate in 0.02 g L^?1P concentration, while nonmycorrhizal plants responded positively at 0.2 g L^?1P; a decrease in plant responses at higher P levels was observed in both treatments. H. appendiculatus showed to have higher relative dependence at lower P concentration (≈50%). As levels of P increased, mycorrhizal colonization decreased. Successful growth of pioneer species during succession process may be improved if there is AMF content in soils, prior to disturbance.     

硅对不同pH水田土壤镉吸附热力学特征的影响

以硅酸钠为硅源,在中和其碱性和消除钠离子影响的基础上,进行不同温度条件下的吸附等温试验,探讨了加硅对土壤镉吸附热力学特征的影响。结果表明:不同硅水平下,Freundlich方程均可较好地描述三种温度下(25、35、45℃)两种土壤镉的吸附特征;在不同的温度下,加硅均降低了碱性土壤镉的吸附容量、增大了其吸附强度,增加了酸性土壤镉的吸附容量、降低了其吸附强度;两种土壤吸附镉的热力学参数均为ΔG0、ΔH0、ΔS0,说明土壤对镉的吸附均是吸热、熵增的自发过程;加硅后,碱性土壤对镉吸附过程的ΔG变大、ΔH变小、ΔS变小,酸性土壤对镉吸附过程的ΔG变小、ΔH变大、ΔS变大,说明与对照相比,加硅使碱性土壤吸附镉的自发性降低,使酸性土壤吸附镉的自发性提高。     

Metal‐Associated Forms and Speciation in Biosolid‐Amended Oxisols

Abstract

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of pH and ionic strength on the distribution and speciation of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and cadmium (Cd) in surface soil samples from two Brazilian Oxisols amended with biosolids. Soils and biosolids were equilibrated in an experimental dual‐chamber diffusion apparatus that permits the soils and biosolids to react through a solution phase via diffusion across a membrane. After equilibrium was reached, soil and biosolids samples were sequentially fractionated to identify various solid forms of Zn, Cu, and Cd. Metal concentrations in the solution phase were determined and mass balance calculated. Equilibrating pH had no major effect on Cu solubility from biosolids and, at pH range from 4 to 7, most Cu remained in the biosolids. Soluble Zn and Cd concentration increased with decreasing pH because of the increased solubility of the biosolids. Copper and Zn were primarily associated with the residual fraction and Fe oxides in one soil, but were primarily associated with chemically unstable fractions, or adsorbed to the surface of oxides, in the other soil. In both soils, Cd was primarily associated with readily bioavailable fractions. The effect of pH on the metal distribution was more evident than the ionic strength effect. Free ions were the predominant metal species in solution, especially at lower pH values.     

镉胁迫下硅对高粱生长的影响及其作用机制

尽管硅提高植物的抗镉毒害已经被广泛的报道,但是其作用机理还不明确。该试验研究在镉胁迫的条件下,硅对高粱生长的影响及作用机制。结果发现:外源施加硅能显著地缓解镉对高粱无论地上部分还是地下部分鲜重及干重的抑制作用。抗氧化酶结果表明:在正常条件下,硅对抗氧化酶的活性没有显著的影响。在镉毒害的条件下,硅显著增强CAT和POD的活性,SOD的活性不受影响。与此相对应:硅显著地降低MDA的含量。对有机酸的分析发现:在镉胁迫的条件下,叶片中有3种有机酸能够检测到:草酸,丙二酸,丁二酸,并且其含量都在硅的调节下增加。而在根系中所检测的4种有机酸中,草酸和丙二酸的含量受到硅的调节而增加,柠檬酸的含量不受影响,而苹果酸的含量却有下降的趋势。上述结果表明:硅增强高粱幼苗的抗镉胁迫与其增强高粱抗氧化酶活性及增加高粱体内有机酸的含量相关。     

2015年山东省肉鸡饲料原料中重金属污染情况调查及风险评估

本试验旨在调查2015年山东省肉鸡饲料原料中砷、铅、镉、铬和汞元素的污染情况,评估饲料原料的污染风险。试验收集烟台市莱阳、威海市文登、青岛市莱西、潍坊市诸城、日照市莒县、临沂市沂水、德州市夏津等地不同饲料生产厂家使用的8种饲料原料,包括玉米、豆粕、麸皮、花生粕、棉籽粕、玉米蛋白粉、干酒糟及其可溶物( DDGS)和微量元素预混料,应用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法( ICP-AES)检测镉、铅和铬元素的含量,应用原子荧光光谱法( AFS)检测砷和汞元素的含量,计算检出率、平均含量、超标率、最高含量与平均含量比值( HC/AC)和离散系数。结果表明：饲料原料中砷、铅、镉、铬和汞元素的检出率分别为32.29%、7.29%、12.50%、100.00%和100.00%;阳性样品中平均含量分别为0.21、1.27、2.12、3.48和0.02 mg/kg,超标率分别为0.00、1.04%、1.19%、54.76%和9.52%;微量元素预混料中砷、铅和镉元素,棉籽粕中铬元素及花生粕中汞元素的HC/AC最大,微量元素预混料中镉元素、花生粕中汞元素、豆粕中砷元素及棉籽粕中铅和铬元素离散系数最大。综上所述,肉鸡饲料原料中铬和汞元素污染严重;微量元素预混料中砷、镉、铬和铅元素、棉籽粕中铬和铅元素、花生粕和豆粕中汞元素易出现严重污染,因此建议制定预混料和饼粕类饲料中多种重金属元素的限量标准。