从国家自然科学基金资助项目分析应对土壤镉污染的研究发展方向

为探讨应对日益严重的土壤镉(Cadmium,Cd)污染的研究发展方向,分析了2000~2013年国家自然科学基金批准资助的155个与之相关的项目。结果表明:这些项目主要由面上项目和青年科学基金项目资助;近年来,相关项目的资助力度正逐步加大;所有项目可分为9大研究方向,其中以植物吸收转运积累镉的机理和相关基因研究所占总项目数的比例最大。对未来的研究方向也作了展望。     

硒对水稻镉毒性的影响及其机制的研究

为探究外源四价硒[Se(Ⅳ)]对水稻镉(Cd)吸收和分布的影响,采用水培试验方法,参考稻田土壤淹水后硒的主要存在形态,研究外源Se(Ⅳ)对不同浓度Cd处理下水稻Cd吸收、转运的影响及其解毒机制。结果表明,在低浓度Cd处理(0.5μmol·L-1)下,外源Se(Ⅳ)对水稻Cd的积累和分布影响不显著,但在高浓度Cd处理(5.0μmol·L-1)下,外源Se(Ⅳ)会显著降低水稻对Cd的吸收和转运。不同浓度Cd处理均会增加水稻对Se的吸收,影响Se在水稻体内的分布,并且显著减少Se向地上部的转运。Cd、Se复合处理会导致水稻地下部非蛋白巯基(NPT)含量增加,同时改变Cd在地下部的亚细胞分布,使细胞壁组分的Cd含量上升,细胞可溶物质组分和细胞器组分的Cd含量下降,从而减少Cd向茎叶的转运,降低地上部的膜脂过氧化程度。由于试验所选用的水稻品种对Cd、Se抗性较强,不同处理下水稻地上部抗氧化酶活性与总抗氧化容量差异均不显著,且水稻生物量及表型特征也无显著差异。     

Magnesium slag for remediation of cadmium- and arsenic-contaminated paddy soil: A field study

The accumulation of heavy metals like cadmium (Cd) and metalloids like arsenic (As) in plants can do harm to human health through the food chain, especially through the rice (Oryza sativa L.). To solve this problem, this study researched the application of magnesium slag (MS) and polyaspartic acid (PASP), which could accelerate rice growth and improve yield, increase soil pH and activate rice enzyme activity as well as reduce the bioavailability of Cd and As in the soil. After these two different treatments, rice yield increased by 17.0% and 18.9%, respectively. Meanwhile, the bioavailable As decreased by 49.1% and 42.5%, while the bioavailable Cd reduced by 72.6% and 44.3%. Besides, the Cd content in rice grains reduced by 77.7% and 17.3%, respectively, after two different treatments. In the MS treatment, the As content in rice grains was reduced by 21.8%, but showed no significant response to the other treatment. The contents of bioavailable Cd and As (determined by one-step extraction) in soil were decreased by MS and PASP, which was favourable for the reduction of Cd and As accumulation in rice. The health risk assessment showed that the application of passivators can effectively reduce the risk of carcinogenesis, but it was still unacceptable. The application dose of MS and PASP still needs further exploration.     

不同钝化剂配施硫酸锌对石灰性土壤中镉生物有效性的影响研究

为了降低轻度镉(Cd)污染土壤中Cd的生物有效性以确保农产品安全,以低吸收豆类蔬菜(豇豆)作为供试植物,通过田间试验研究了在轻度Cd污染(Cd1.5 mg·kg-1)石灰性土壤中施加赤泥、油菜秸秆、玉米秸秆、赤泥+油菜秸秆等钝化处理并配施硫酸锌肥料对土壤中Cd的生物有效性的影响.结果表明,与对照相比,不同钝化处理可显著(P＜O.05)降低豇豆豆角中Cd浓度和土壤中可溶态Cd浓度;钝化处理条件下豇豆豆角中Cd浓度降低了27％(玉米秸秆)～83％(赤泥+油菜秸秆).在施加钝化剂的基础上,配施硫酸锌肥料可进一步降低豇豆对Cd的吸收,各钝化处理在配施锌肥后,豇豆豆角中Cd平均浓度与未施锌肥相比降低了27％.对不同作物秸秆而言,富含巯基的油菜秸秆比富含纤维素的玉米秸秆钝化效果好.由此可见,在轻度Cd污染的石灰性土壤中,无机钝化剂赤泥和富含巯基的油菜秸秆复合使用是一种高效且环境友好的钝化手段.同时,合理施用锌肥可能会进一步降低作物对Cd的吸收.     

Activities of Antioxidative Enzymes, Sulphur Assimilation, Photosynthetic Activity and Growth of Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Cultivars Differing in Yield Potential Under Cadmium Stress

The increasing concentration of cadmium (Cd) in agricultural soil has resulted in crop productivity loss. The activation of the antioxidative enzyme system and its synergy with sulphur assimilation may be required as one of the mechanisms for the alleviation of the effects of Cd. In the present study the activities of antioxidative enzymes and sulphur assimilation were studied in Cd‐treated wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars to assess their involvement in determining yield potential. The cultivar WH542 (low yielding type) accumulated Cd to a greater amount in both root and leaf, and also exhibited higher contents of H₂O₂ and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance and the activity of superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) than cultivar PBW343 (high yielding type). The activities of other antioxidative enzymes, catalase (EC 1.11.1.6), ascorbate peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.11), glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2) and glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9), activity of ATP‐sulfurylase (EC 2.7.7.4), sulphur content, photosynthetic, growth and yield characteristics were higher in PBW343 than in WH542 in Cd treatment compared to the control. The results suggest that the efficient functioning of enzymes of the antioxidative system and sulphur assimilation helped in alleviating the effects of Cd in PBW343, protected photosynthetic ability and maintained high yielding potential of the cultivar.     

不同改良剂对小青菜中镉和铅含量的降低效果

【目的】探讨不同改良剂对降低重金属污染土壤中小青菜镉、铅含量的效果。【方法】以小青菜品种"塌地乌"为试材,采用盆栽试验,设置施用不同改良剂(石灰、沸石、骨粉、FeS2、纳米羟基磷灰石、粉煤灰及其两两组合)处理,测定重度镉(40mg/kg)、铅(1 200mg/kg)污染土壤中小青菜生物量、镉和铅的吸收量、转运系数及土壤pH值,分析不同改良剂处理对小青菜中镉铅含量的降低效果。【结果】施入改良剂后,小青菜的生物量均有不同程度提高,其中,沸石+纳米羟基磷灰石处理下的生物量最大,与未施改良剂的对照相比增产51.1%(P<0.05)。小青菜地上部镉含量降幅最大的为石灰+沸石处理;地上部铅含量降幅最大的为沸石+骨粉处理。小青菜中镉的转运系数大于铅,表明镉比铅更容易迁移到小青菜地上部分。施入改良剂后,土壤pH值显著升高,且以沸石+骨粉处理下的pH值最大。【结论】施用改良剂后,小青菜中镉和铅的含量虽有不同程度降低,但仍超过国家食品卫生标准。     

Mechanisms of cadmium accumulation in rice grains and molecular breeding for its reduction

ABSTRACT

Cadmium (Cd) has an important impact on agriculture, as the excessive consumption of this element from contaminated food crops leads to toxicity in humans. Rice is the greatest source of dietary Cd intake in populations consuming rice as a staple food. Therefore, reducing the Cd concentration of rice grains for diminishing the potential risk of Cd for human health is a major challenge. This review summarizes the main achievements on Cd accumulation in rice by our research group. Using a positron-emitting tracer imaging system, we succeeded to visualize differences in real-time Cd dynamics from roots to panicles in rice varieties with different Cd accumulation abilities. Several loci or genes responsible for Cd accumulation in rice were found through quantitative trait loci (QTLs) analysis. Using the QTL qCdp7 responsible for efficiently extracting Cd from paddy soils, practical rice varieties for Cd-phytoextraction were developed by DNA marker-assisted breeding. A rice variety named ‘Koshihikari Kan No.1? carrying a mutant allele of OsNramp5 for reducing Cd concentration in rice grains was produced by mutant breeding with ion-beams, and breeding programs have been implemented to transfer this allele into many Japanese rice varieties by DNA marker-assisted breeding. Growing low-Cd varieties aerobically would be a feasible way to simultaneously reduce inorganic arsenic and Cd concentrations in rice grains. These results provide basis for reducing Cd concentration in rice through breeding new varieties.     

不同磷酸盐对污染土壤中镉生物有效性的影响

采用盆栽试验,在镉二级和三级污染的红壤和褐土上添加不同磷酸盐（磷酸二氢铵、磷酸二氢钾、磷酸二氢钙）后种植小油菜40d,测定植株生物量、镉吸收量、土壤有效态镉含量、pH值,分析不同磷酸盐对污染土壤中镉生物有效性的影响。结果表明,3种磷酸盐使污染红壤和褐土上小油菜生物量分别提高了18.7%～291.1%和31.5%～991.2%,在红壤上提高顺序为磷酸二氢钙〉磷酸二氢钾〉磷酸二氢铵,而在褐土上则表现为磷酸二氢钙≈磷酸二氢钾〉磷酸二氢铵。3种磷酸盐影响下小油菜吸收镉量,在镉二级污染水平的红壤上表现为显著提高8.3%～60.6%,而在镉三级污染水平的红壤上则表现为显著降低了4.6%～58.4%。污染红壤有效态镉含量在加入3种磷酸盐后提高了17.0%～122.7%,提高顺序为磷酸二氢钙〉磷酸二氢钾〉磷酸二氢铵;而磷酸二氢铵使污染褐土有效态镉含量降低了2.4%～13.4%。3种磷酸盐使红壤pH值提高了0.24～0.99。可见,不同土壤类型、不同镉污染水平下,3种磷酸盐对土壤镉的生物有效性的影响存在差异,其机制有待进一步研究。     

硒肥与钝化材料组配对土壤Cd钝化及稻米Cd消减效果

为了探讨不同硒肥施用方式联合钝化材料对土壤镉钝化和稻米镉消减的效果,采用盆栽试验的方式,选用亚硒酸钠作为硒肥,钙镁磷肥和硅藻土作为钝化材料,设置基施硒肥+钙镁磷肥+硅藻土和叶面喷施硒肥+钙镁磷肥+硅藻土2种方式,研究其不同用量对镉污染酸性稻田土壤修复与安全利用的影响。结果表明：随着施用量的增加,稻米产量增加,基施硒肥产量略高于叶面喷施硒肥,产量差为 2.115 g/pot,与对照(CK)相比,基施0.28%钙镁磷肥+0.12%硅藻土+0.004‰硒(T3)能够提高1.68倍的稻米产量;随着施用量的增加,pH升高,有效Cd降低,有机质与CEC变化不大;基施硒肥与叶面喷施硒肥处理对土壤pH、有机质与CEC差异不显著,但基施硒肥处理有效Cd含量略低于叶面喷施硒肥处理,T3对土壤Cd的钝化效果最佳;随着基施硒肥用量的增加,稻米Cd含量降低,随着叶面喷施硒肥用量的增加,稻米Cd含量先降低后升高,基施硒肥处理对稻米Cd的消减程度强于叶面喷施硒肥处理,相差 0.021 mg/kg,与对照(CK)相比,T3处理稻米Cd降低0.063 mg/kg。可见,硒对调控稻米镉累积具有重要作用,且基施硒肥强于叶面喷施。综上所述,基施0.28%钙镁磷肥+0.12%硅藻土+0.004‰硒对土壤Cd钝化与稻米Cd消减的效果最佳,值得在镉污染稻田推广应用。     

Research on the Antioxident Function of Sulforaphane on the Leydig Cells of Cadmium Exposured Mice

The study was aimed to explore the antioxident function of sulforaphane (SFN) on the leydig cells of cadmium (Cd) exposured mice.Cd and SFN were added to the cell culture medium of TM3 cell, half inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of Cd and SFN safe dose range were determined.The tested model was set up,and the relative survival rate of TM3 cells, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and cell antioxidant levels were determined to study the antioxident function of SFN to cadmium exposured mice.The results showed that:①With the increase of Cd concentration,the relative survival rate of TM3 cells was decreased,and the IC₅₀ of Cd was 51.4 μmol/L;Within a certain concentration range,SFN could increased the cells survive rate,but there was toxicity when the SFN concentration was more than the scope,and the greater the concentration,the greater the toxicity. At experimental condition,SFN safety concentration were 2.5,5 and 10 μmol/L.②Compared with the control group,the GSH content,the T-SOD and GSH-Px activities in Cd group were significantly or extremely significantly decreased (P < 0.05;P < 0.01),and the LDH activity,the MDA content were increased.Additionally,the LDH activity and MDA content of SFN groups were decreased,while others three indexes were increased. Compared with Cd group,the GSH content,the T-SOD and GSH-Px activities of Cd+SFN groups were significantly or extremely significantly increased (P < 0.05;P < 0.01),however,the LDH activity,MDA content were decreased. The result indicated that SFN had the antagonism effect on toxicity of Cd in TM3 cell.