清洁疏浚物掩埋对两种底栖生物存活的影响

为研究不同粒度疏浚物掩埋对于海洋底栖生物的致死效应影响,采用长江口地区的疏浚物模拟不同粒度、不同厚度掩埋菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)以及双齿围沙蚕(Perinereis aibuhitensis),并研究其存活情况。结果表明:菲律宾蛤仔和双齿围沙蚕掩埋后为了生存表现出垂直迁移行为,不同粒度疏浚物掩埋深度在一定范围内与菲律宾蛤仔的死亡率之间有显著的正相关关系;粒度为63~125μm时,菲律宾蛤仔96 hLC50为6.8 cm(95%置信区间为2.8~10.7 cm);粒度为63μm以下时,菲律宾蛤仔96 h-LC50为11.1 cm(95%置信区间为4.2~18.0 cm);而掩埋深度与双齿围沙蚕死亡率之间没有显著相关关系。实验结果表明不同粒度疏浚物掩埋对于不同底栖生物致死效应不同。     

Experimental Study of Ground-source Heat Pump Systems with Horizontal Heat Exchanger

This paper describes the double layer horizontal ground source heat pump systems constructed in 1998 with the buried depth of 0.9 m and 1.8 m. The program of study includes experimental equipments, heat exchanger size, testing meter and methods for data analysis. In addition, the heating and cooling performance at typical days are also illustrated. Among the influencing factors on the performance of the ground source heat pump systems, the parameter of heat exchanger and operation patterns of heat pump systems are analyzed.A heat transfer model has been set up for horizontal heat exchanger.     

1BMQ型水田埋茬起浆整地机的研究

主要介绍了1BMQ型水田埋茬起浆整地机的主要参数、总体设计、主要部件工作原理和结构特点,以及该机田间试验结果。该机采用弧形弯刀、多棱形耙辊、半封闭曲线挡土板、流线型空心平地板及自调压装置,其原理新颖、传动可靠、使用调整方面,可一次性完成水田地的耕翻、埋茬、碎土、起浆、平地等多道工序,作业效果满足农艺要求。     

水田搅浆埋茬平地机在保护性耕作中的应用

为解决传统泡田整地法费工费时、作业质量差的问题,提出水稻高留茬保护性耕作技术。探讨水田实行保护性耕作的作用,介绍新型耕整地机具水田埋茬搅浆平地机的特点、配套动力及作业效果,为提高我国水田耕地质量提供参考。     

水稻精量穴直播机仿形与滑板机构的优化设计与试验

基于农机与农艺相结合,该文主要对水稻精量穴直播机仿形与滑板机构进行了优化设计。水稻精量穴直播机采用乘坐式高速插秧机头为动力底盘,包括机架、开沟起垄装置、水平仿形装置、高程仿形装置、动力传动装置、播种装置和液压提升架。结合同步开沟起垄、播量和穴距可调、仿形作业、压茬(草)播种的农艺要求并针对实际大田生产试验中发现原水稻精量穴直播机存在的问题,如压茬效果较差、仿形系统不完善等,该文主要对高程仿形系统、水平仿形机构以及滑板角度等进行了优化设计,并对穴直播机的性能与可靠性进行了试验验证,结果表明:优化后水稻精量穴直播机的纯作业效率为0.67 hm~2/h,穴距合格率达100%,变异系数为2.5%,穴粒数合格率为95%,空穴率为0,各行排种量一致性变异系数为3.8%,总排量稳定性变异系数为1.5%,播种后田面左右高差小于3 cm;平均首次故障前作业量(MTTFF)为30.4 hm~2/m,有效度为98.2%,各项性能指标和可靠性指标均达到了相关国家标准,具有广阔的应用前景。     

冬油菜翻压量对烟田土壤性状及烤烟品质的影响

采用田间试验,以安康地区山地烟田为例,研究了不同绿肥翻压量对烤烟物理性状、致香物质的含量以及土壤肥力、物理性状、生物性状的影响。结果表明,随着绿肥翻压量的增加,烤烟的物理性状有明显提高,有利于致香物质的积累;土壤的各种性状及综合肥力也随着绿肥翻压量的增加而改善,烤烟的品质与土壤的综合性状在100%绿肥处理时达到最大。     

进口废电器拆解垃圾填埋后对生活垃圾渗滤液好氧处理效果的影响

通过测定渗滤液好氧处理装置进出水中的CODcr、Cu、Zn、Ni和油等5项指标,研究了进口废电器拆解垃圾填埋后对生活垃圾渗滤液好氧处理效果的影响.结果表明:进口废电器拆解残余垃圾进入生活垃圾填埋场后,在进口废电器拆解残余垃圾量小于生活垃圾量时,一般不会影响原生活垃圾填埋场渗滤液CODcr、油的好氧处理效果,但均不能使处理后的出水CODcr、油、重金属浓度达到国家一级排放标准,并加快了重金属元素在活性污泥中的积累,以致最终影响活性污泥的生物活性.     

不同秸秆埋深对苏北滩涂盐渍土水盐动态变化的影响

为了进一步认识稻田土壤中Ca、Mg元素生物地球化学循环对大气CO2浓度升高的响应,本实验利用中国稻麦轮作FACE(free air carbon-dioxide enrichment)试验平台,通过观测稻季不同生育期不同深度(30、60和90 cm)土壤溶液中的Ca2+、Mg2+ 浓度,研究大气CO2浓度升高对土壤Ca、Mg淋移的中长时期(第9年)影响。研究结果表明,随着土壤深度的增加,土壤溶液中的Ca2+浓度呈降低趋势,Mg2+浓度呈增加趋势;随着生育期的推进,呈现先增加后减小的趋势,并在抽穗期达到最大值。大气CO2浓度升高略微降低30、60 cm处土壤溶液的Ca2+ 浓度,增加90 cm处Ca2+ 浓度(6.7%)。稻田不同深度土壤溶液中Mg2+ 浓度对大气CO2浓度升高的响应有所不同,且在60 cm处有较强的正响应(12.1%)。研究明确高浓度CO2有加剧Ca2+、Mg2+ 向下淋溶损失的趋势,耕层土壤有机物料输入增多、 浓度增加、pH下降等是主要原因。大气CO2浓度升高对农田生态系统土壤Ca、Mg元素循环的长期影响值得进一步关注。     

Experimental evaluation of co-culture of juvenile sea cucumbers, Holothuria scabra (Jaeger), with juvenile blue shrimp, Litopenaeus stylirostris (Stimpson)

The co‐culture of juvenile sea cucumber Holothuria scabra (Jaeger), or ‘sandfish’, with juvenile blue shrimp Litopenaeus stylirostris (Stimpson) was tested by growing groups in co‐culture and monoculture for 3 weeks in tanks with enriched sand substratum. Feed was supplied on trays, accessible only to shrimp. Survival of shrimp and sandfish was high in all treatments (73–100%). Growth of shrimp did not differ between monoculture and co‐culture, but sandfish grew significantly slower in co‐culture (P=0.03), although their sand burying and surface foraging were apparently unaffected by shrimp (P=0.76). However, shrimp increased the levels of total ammonia‐N in tanks, which related inversely with sandfish growth (P=0.04). Conversely, sandfish did not appear to lower the water quality for shrimp culture. While sandfish bioturbate sediments and eat organic deposits, the juveniles did not significantly reduce the organic content of sand in tanks. Co‐culturing juveniles of the two species in earthen ponds appears feasible, with no detriment to shrimp production, presenting a cost‐effective method for growing sandfish to larger sizes for restocking. These findings underpin further studies to test the viability of commercial co‐culture of sandfish with blue shrimp at later stages in the production cycle of shrimp.     

Vegetative propagation of Solidago canadensis – do fragment size and burial depth matter?

Clonal species may benefit from human disturbance because their vegetative fragments may be distributed via soil. Solidago canadensis is an invasive rhizomatous perennial frequently found in ruderal environments. When creating new infrastructure, digging and cutting are two main factors that may influence the spread of S. canadensis into new areas. To have a better understanding of the invasive potential of S. canadensis, we investigated whether S. canadensis was able to survive and grow from stem cuttings as well as from rhizomes. Rhizomes and cuttings were collected from three populations in Eastern Norway. The rhizomes and cuttings were planted in a pot experiment to assess their vegetative ability to propagate. Rhizome fragments (5 and 10 cm long) were buried at 0.5, 10 and 30 cm depths. The cuttings were planted as 15 cm stems, with the bottom 5 cm pushed into the soil. The results showed that rhizome length did not have an effect on survival. Although some sprouting occurred at all burial depths, increasing depth had a negative effect on rhizome survival. In general, development of the cuttings was good, but there were differences between population performance and survival. These results imply that care must be taken when (i) constructing new sites, because digging and transport of soil masses may spread S. canadensis into new areas by rhizomes or cuttings, and (ii) mowing road verges and other ruderal areas to prevent the spread of stem cuttings from one area to another.