Gradient analysis of an eastern sand savanna's woody vegetation,and its long-term responses to restored fire processes

Little information is available comparing historic and modern sand savannas, and how remnants respond to restored fire. We compared short- and long-term effects of restored fire on the Tefft Savanna, a 197 ha eastern sand savanna in northwest Indiana that had undergone three decades of fire protection. U.S. Public Land Survey data from Tefft in 1833 indicate black and white oak barrens, and pin oak savanna, with trees averaging 50 stems/ha and 4 m²/ha basal area. We used ordination and a digital elevation model to assess topographic distribution of tree species in 1986. In 1986, we also compared initial effects of high- and low-intensity dormant season fire on woody vegetation among nine blocks containing black oak, white oak, and pin oak stands. Twenty years later, we compared the same blocks, all of which had been burned three times per decade with low-intensity fires. In 1986, black oak, white oak and pin oak occurred across a gradient of decreasing elevation and slope. At that time, unburned black oak and white oak stands averaged >400 stems/ha and about 10 m²/ha basal area, and their smaller size classes contained non-oak woody vegetation that apparently had invaded with fire exclusion. After initial burns, black oak and white oak stands receiving high-intensity fire averaged <200 stems/ha and had significantly lower oak canopy cover and basal area than unburned stands. Stands receiving low-intensity fire had intermediate oak canopy cover, with basal area similar to unburned stands. Pin oak stands were more fire-resistant, apparently because spring flooding often reduced fire effects. Density, cover and basal area of non-oak tree species were much lower than oaks, and were not reduced by initial burning. Repeated low-intensity burning over 20 years tended to maintain structure caused by initial fires. However, it reduced lower size class stem densities, promoted post-fire sprouting into the shrub layer, and allowed oak basal area to increase in larger size classes. Time since fire regulated shrub layer structure on a 4-year cycle. Density and cover of trees and shrubs returned to pre-burn conditions by the second and fourth growing seasons after fire, respectively, with non-oak tree species exceeding pre-burn cover and density by the fourth season. These results suggest that high-intensity fire is more important than repeated low-intensity burning in structuring and restoring eastern sand savanna, and that non-oak tree species, once established, may be resistant to low-intensity fire.     

小麦高留茬田间水分效应研究

通过小区和大田试验,研究了留茬、灭茬和烧茬三种处理土壤、近地层空气温湿度的变化,比较了三种处理夏玉米生长发育状况,分析了小麦高留茬的田间水分效应。结果表明,留茬明显降低了土壤温度,测定日0cm地表温度全天内留茬都处于最低,其中10时到14时降温效果最明显,土壤5~25cm平均温度分别较灭茬和烧茬低1.45℃和2.3℃;土壤0~70cm含水量自始至终留茬高于灭茬和烧茬;留茬对近地层空气湿度的影响主要在晚上,麦秆凝结的水汽增大了空气湿度,白天留茬高度内气温低湿度较大,留茬高度外气温高湿度较小（与灭茬和烧茬相比）。留茬对夏玉米生长发育的影响主要表现在中后期,试验结束时留茬株高、茎粗均高于灭茬和烧茬,表现出较大的后劲。     

日本对虾越冬亲虾性腺促熟及工厂化育苗技术研究

1997、1998年利用越冬亲虾进行性腺促熟,用镊烫法切除眼柄,促进亲虾发育。结果:两年共培育亲虾雌虾8204尾。雄虾5683尾,获交尾虾5360尾。交尾率为71.81％。每年两批育苗,共利用水体1720m~3,育出0.7～1.1cm的虾苗12450万尾,平均单位水体出苗量为7.24万尾/m~3,效益显著。     

松嫩草原不同时间火烧后环境因子变化分析

松嫩草原火烧后，土壤表层硬度增加，早烧地硬度异质性程度增高，晚烧地降低。晚烧地土壤０￣５ｃｍ范围内窝重降低，早烧地与未烧地比无差异。火烧地土壤０￣３０ｃｍ范围内含水率降低，早烧地更低，表面差别最大，火烧地土壤含水率在春季严重亏缺。火烧地土壤温度在生长季内恒高于未烧地，平均温度亦高。群落平均温度低于未烧地，但白天火烧地群落温度高于未烧地，夜间群落温度低于未烧地，土壤表层温度波动幅度较大，火烧与未烧边     

冬季火烧对高寒草甸牧草产量及品质的影响

中国科学院海北高寒草甸定位站以围栏封育草地冬季火烧为研究对象、围栏封育未火烧草地为对照,对其产草量、牧草营养品质进行测定,探讨了冬季草原火烧对第二年牧草产量和品质的影响。结果表明:围栏封育草地冬季火烧之后第二年地上鲜草生物量显著高于围栏封育未火烧草地,火烧之后第二年地上枯草的积累量显著低于围栏封育未火烧草地。围栏封育草地火烧之后牧草粗蛋白含量比围栏封育未火烧草地粗蛋白含量显著提高;粗脂肪含量与围栏封育未火烧草地之间没有显著差异(P0.05)。围栏封育草地冬季火烧之后中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量比围栏封育未火烧草地显著升高,酸性洗涤木质素(ADL)含量与围栏封育未火烧之间没有显著差异。该研究表明草原火烧短期内对牧草产量和品质有一定的促进作用,加速了退化草地的恢复进程。     

采伐和炼山对马尾松林土壤微生物多样性的影响

【目的】研究采伐和炼山对马尾松林土壤微生物的影响，为科学造林提供依据。【方法】以37年生马尾松林下土壤微生物为研究对象，运用PCR-DGGE技术对采伐、炼山前后土壤微生物多样性的变化进行研究。【结果】采伐和炼山可导致土壤微生物多样性显著下降，其中土壤微生物物种丰富度下降13％-47％，多样性指数降低12％～17％，均匀度指数降低0．3％～7．0％；采伐与炼山处理之间对土壤微生物多样性影响差异不显著。【结论】采伐和炼山导致马尾松林土壤微生物多样性显著下降。     

Remaining large grasslands may not be sufficient to prevent grassland bird declines

Grassland birds are in steep decline throughout many regions of the world. In North America, even some common species have declined by >50% over the last few decades. Declines in grassland bird populations have generally been attributed to widespread agricultural conversion of grasslands; more than 80% of North American grasslands have been converted to agriculture and other land uses, for example. Remaining large grasslands should thus be especially important to the conservation of grassland birds. The Flint Hills of Kansas and Oklahoma (USA) preserves the largest intact tallgrass prairie (∼2 million ha) left in the world. The Flint Hills supports a major cattle industry, however, and therefore experiences widespread grazing and frequent burning. We assessed the regional population status of three grassland birds that are considered the core of the avian community in this region (Dickcissel, Spiza americana; Grasshopper Sparrow, Ammodramus savannarum; Eastern Meadowlark, Sturnella magna). Our approach is founded on a demographic analysis that additionally explores how to model variability in empirically derived estimates of reproductive success across a large heterogeneous landscape, which ultimately requires the translation of demographic data from local (plot) to regional scales. We found that none of these species is demographically viable at a regional scale under realistic assumptions, with estimated population declines of 3-29%/year and a likelihood of regional viability of 0-45% over the two years of study. Current land-management practices may thus be exacerbating grassland bird declines by degrading habitat in even large grassland remnants. Habitat area is thus no guarantee of population viability in landscapes managed predominantly for agricultural or livestock production.     

Rural land-use and wildland fires in the tropics

Tropical forest land is increasingly influenced by man-caused wildfires. The vast majority of the forested area burnt and cleared annually is in the tropics. The use of fire in rural land-use systems is the major cause of the wildfires. Five broad causative agencies of wildfires are presented, shifting cultivation, grazing, non-wood forest products, migration programs and the wildland/residential interface. Integrated concepts of prescribed burning and prescribed grazing may offer solutions to the tropical wildland fire problems.     

浅谈阻燃中密度纤维板

介绍了中密度纤维板的生产现状和前景，阻燃中纤板所用阻燃剂的种类。阻燃的机理和处理方法。同时，论述了中纤板阻燃的必要性和紧迫性。并讨论了阻燃中纤板的发展方向。