不同林地清理方式土壤酶活性动态

本文对不同林地清理方式林地上壤酶活性进行了三年定位研究。结果表明,不同林地清理方式导致了林地土壤酶活性的显著差异,随时间推移,这种差异在减少,炼山对林地酶活性的影响在第三年依然存在。土壤酶与土壤养分状况相关性密切,可利用土壤酶作为评价土壤营养水平的指标。     

浅析汽车尾气污染的防治对策

主要论述了我国汽车尾气污染问题，并提出了几点防治对策。     

新疆绿洲区秸秆燃烧污染物释放量及固碳减排潜力

根据 2004-2013年新疆绿洲区主要作物产量,采用排放因子法对秸秆燃烧污染物排放量和碳释放量进行了估算,结果表明,2013年新疆地区作物秸秆燃烧排放的CO₂、CO、CH₄、NMVOC、OC、BC、SO₂、NO_x、NH₃和PM_2.5的量分别为9.0×10⁶ t、5.5×10⁵ t、1.6×10⁴ t、9.4×10⁴ t、1.9×10⁴ t、3.9×10³ t、2.4×10³ t、1.8×10⁴ t、7.8×10³ t和1.2×10⁵ t,碳排放总量为2.7×10⁶ t;在排放清单中,CO₂和CO是主要污染物,分别占污染物排放总量的91.6%和5.6%;棉花秸秆为排放贡献最大的污染源,占总排放量的43.3%,其次是小麦秸秆和玉米秸秆,分别占28.3%和21.9%.在此基础上,基于生物炭固碳技术,对该区域作物秸秆转化为生物炭的固碳量和碳封存潜力进行了估算,结果表明,若把被燃烧的三类秸秆(棉花、小麦和玉米)转化为生物炭,则每年可减少该区域54.9%的碳排放量;若将作物秸秆全部转化为生物炭,每年将有3.6×10⁶ t碳和1.3×10⁷ t CO₂被长期封存于生物炭中。可见,生物炭具有良好的固碳减排潜力,是一种可持续的碳封存技术。     

城镇化进程中土地纠纷化解及其风险预警机制建构研究——基于社会燃烧理论的视角

城镇化进程中土地纠纷及其可能引发的群体性事件有其"燃烧物质"、"助燃剂"和"点火温度"。社会物理学中的社会燃烧理论,可以较好阐释城镇化进程中土地纠纷化解及其风险预警机制建构问题。采用文献法与案例分析相结合,对新时期城镇化进程中土地纠纷的定性、特点及其引发群体性事件等存在潜在的社会风险进行了梳理和分析,探讨纠纷化解及其风险预警机制建构问题。结果表明,在社会燃烧理论的视域中,土地纠纷是部分群体性事件爆发的导火线,土地纠纷是在牵涉到多重利益配置的"燃烧物质"、包括社会环境变化等客观条件的"助燃剂"和事件发生到一定程度"点火温度"共同作用下而产生的。当前,急需建立完善的土地纠纷化解风险预警机制,并加强风险预警的多元化规制及相关社会诚信体系的建设,进而化解土地纠纷、预防突发事件的发生。     

Gradient analysis of an eastern sand savanna's woody vegetation,and its long-term responses to restored fire processes

Little information is available comparing historic and modern sand savannas, and how remnants respond to restored fire. We compared short- and long-term effects of restored fire on the Tefft Savanna, a 197 ha eastern sand savanna in northwest Indiana that had undergone three decades of fire protection. U.S. Public Land Survey data from Tefft in 1833 indicate black and white oak barrens, and pin oak savanna, with trees averaging 50 stems/ha and 4 m²/ha basal area. We used ordination and a digital elevation model to assess topographic distribution of tree species in 1986. In 1986, we also compared initial effects of high- and low-intensity dormant season fire on woody vegetation among nine blocks containing black oak, white oak, and pin oak stands. Twenty years later, we compared the same blocks, all of which had been burned three times per decade with low-intensity fires. In 1986, black oak, white oak and pin oak occurred across a gradient of decreasing elevation and slope. At that time, unburned black oak and white oak stands averaged >400 stems/ha and about 10 m²/ha basal area, and their smaller size classes contained non-oak woody vegetation that apparently had invaded with fire exclusion. After initial burns, black oak and white oak stands receiving high-intensity fire averaged <200 stems/ha and had significantly lower oak canopy cover and basal area than unburned stands. Stands receiving low-intensity fire had intermediate oak canopy cover, with basal area similar to unburned stands. Pin oak stands were more fire-resistant, apparently because spring flooding often reduced fire effects. Density, cover and basal area of non-oak tree species were much lower than oaks, and were not reduced by initial burning. Repeated low-intensity burning over 20 years tended to maintain structure caused by initial fires. However, it reduced lower size class stem densities, promoted post-fire sprouting into the shrub layer, and allowed oak basal area to increase in larger size classes. Time since fire regulated shrub layer structure on a 4-year cycle. Density and cover of trees and shrubs returned to pre-burn conditions by the second and fourth growing seasons after fire, respectively, with non-oak tree species exceeding pre-burn cover and density by the fourth season. These results suggest that high-intensity fire is more important than repeated low-intensity burning in structuring and restoring eastern sand savanna, and that non-oak tree species, once established, may be resistant to low-intensity fire.     

小麦高留茬田间水分效应研究

通过小区和大田试验,研究了留茬、灭茬和烧茬三种处理土壤、近地层空气温湿度的变化,比较了三种处理夏玉米生长发育状况,分析了小麦高留茬的田间水分效应。结果表明,留茬明显降低了土壤温度,测定日0cm地表温度全天内留茬都处于最低,其中10时到14时降温效果最明显,土壤5~25cm平均温度分别较灭茬和烧茬低1.45℃和2.3℃;土壤0~70cm含水量自始至终留茬高于灭茬和烧茬;留茬对近地层空气湿度的影响主要在晚上,麦秆凝结的水汽增大了空气湿度,白天留茬高度内气温低湿度较大,留茬高度外气温高湿度较小（与灭茬和烧茬相比）。留茬对夏玉米生长发育的影响主要表现在中后期,试验结束时留茬株高、茎粗均高于灭茬和烧茬,表现出较大的后劲。     

日本对虾越冬亲虾性腺促熟及工厂化育苗技术研究

1997、1998年利用越冬亲虾进行性腺促熟,用镊烫法切除眼柄,促进亲虾发育。结果:两年共培育亲虾雌虾8204尾。雄虾5683尾,获交尾虾5360尾。交尾率为71.81％。每年两批育苗,共利用水体1720m~3,育出0.7～1.1cm的虾苗12450万尾,平均单位水体出苗量为7.24万尾/m~3,效益显著。     

秸秆焚烧现状与对策探讨

就我国当前秸秆焚烧问题展开探讨研究,通过深入分析当前秸秆焚烧现状,探讨问题产生的客观原因,并有针对性地提出可行性对策,为我国秸秆资源化进程提供参考。     

生物质型煤与无烟散煤在烟叶烘烤中的应用效果对比

2010年在云南曲靖进行了生物质型煤与无烟散煤的对比研究,通过试验分析了不同类型燃料的燃烧效率、添加次数与耗煤量,以及对烤后烟叶质量、烘烤经济效益的影响.研究结果表明:生物质型煤升温均衡,主要表现在烘烤定色阶段和干筋阶段;生物质型煤稳温效果好,主要表现在变黄期关键温度点38℃和定色期47℃,但总体耗煤量大、加煤频繁;燃...     

秸秆露天焚烧排放的TSP等污染物清单

根据2000—2003年各省市农作物的产量,估算了农业秸秆的总量;结合从有关文献查阅的排放因子,计算了各年份我国大陆秸秆露天焚烧所排放的TSP、PM10、SO2、NOX、NH3、CH4、EC、OC、VOC、CO、CO2的总量及各省市的排放清单,并进一步细化到县、区级行政区。研究表明,由于经济发展水平和生活习惯的不同,秸秆露天焚烧排放的污染物在地区间的分布极不均衡,排放量较大的包括华东、东北地区的各省市;单位排放污染物量较高的地区由东北至华东呈带状分布。