利用随机森林法协同SIF和反射率光谱监测小麦条锈病

小麦受到条锈病菌侵染后,作物的光合能力及色素含量等均会发生变化,日光诱导叶绿素荧光(solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence,SIF)对作物光合生理的变化比较敏感,而反射率光谱则受作物生化参数的影响较大,为了提高小麦条锈病的遥感探测精度,该文利用随机森林(random forest,RF)等机器学习算法开展了协同冠层SIF和反射率微分光谱指数的小麦条锈病病情严重度的遥感探测研究。首先利用3FLD(three bands fraunhofer line discrimination)算法提取了冠层SIF数据,然后结合对小麦条锈病病情严重度敏感的11种反射率微分光谱指数分别基于RF和后向传播(back propagation,BP)神经网络算法构建了反射率微分光谱指数与冠层SIF协同的小麦条锈病病情严重度预测模型。研究结果表明:RF算法构建的小麦条锈病病情严重度预测模型优于BP神经网络算法,3个样本组中RF模型病情指数(disease index,DI)估测值与实测值间的决定系数R2平均为0.92,比BP神经网络模型(R2的平均值为0.83)提高了11%,均方根误差(root mean square error,RMSE)平均为0.08,比同组BP神经网络模型(RMSE的平均值为0.12)减少了33%,RF算法更适合于小麦条锈病病情严重度的遥感探测。在反射率微分光谱指数中加入冠层SIF数据后,RF模型和BP神经网络模型精度均有所改善,其中RF模型估测值与实测值间的平均R2提高了4%,平均RMSE减少了22%,BP神经网络模型估测值与实测值间的平均R2提高了14%,平均RMSE减少了28%,综合利用冠层SIF和反射率微分光谱指数能够改善小麦条锈病病情严重度的遥感探测精度。研究结果可为进一步实现作物健康状况大面积高精度遥感监测提供新的思路。     

一个高抗玉米南方锈病基因的QTL定位及遗传分析

【目的】 通过对一个热带高抗玉米南方锈病材料S313与4个高感玉米南方锈病材料组配的8个F₂群体进行两年三季的遗传分析,在表型鉴定的基础上,利用其中1个F₂群体进行局部遗传图谱构建及抗性基因定位,并利用大群体及新开发的分子标记对抗性主效QTL进行精细定位,为进一步克隆该基因奠定基础。【方法】 连续三季对8个F₂分离群体,分3个时期进行病原菌接种,玉米生长后期按1—9级标准等级记载各单株的抗南方锈病级数,进行抗性表型鉴定,最终确定抗、感分离比例。利用56K芯片筛选出2个亲本间多态标记,选择其中均匀分布的192个标记对S313×PHW52的F₂群体中各30个高抗、高感子代进行KASP分型。利用第10染色体短臂上19个SNP标记对整个F₂群体进行分型,构建局部遗传图谱;将遗传图谱与田间抗性表型鉴定结果相结合进行抗性QTL定位。开发初定位区间内10个SNP标记对次级群体进行标记分型,根据交换单株数量大小进一步缩小定位区间。根据玉米B73 Ref Gen_V4参考基因组信息,列出对应定位区间内的所有基因,利用基因的功能注释信息,确定可能与玉米抗南方锈病相关的候选基因。【结果】 8个F₂群体田间抗、感分离比均符合3﹕1的分离比例,说明热带自交系S313对玉米南方锈病的抗性是由1个效应比较大的主效QTL控制。利用56K芯片筛选出2个亲本间的多态标记16 426个。利用192个标记对各30个抗、感子代进行连锁分析,获得了1个抗性连锁标记Affx-90241059。利用19个SNP标记构建了总遗传距离为31.8 cM,标记间平均距离1.77 cM的局部遗传图谱。利用复合区间作图法把该主效QTL定位在标记Affx-91298359与标记Affx-91182449之间,区间大小约2 M。进一步利用F₂大群体及10个SNP标记把该区间缩小到474 K的范围内。玉米参考基因组B73的对应区间内共有63个基因,其中3个基因LOC103640657、LOC100191493、LOC103640673编码的蛋白质与植物抗病性有关,因此把这3个基因列为热带玉米种质S313高抗玉米南方锈病的抗性候选基因。【结论】 S313对玉米南方锈病的抗性是由1个主效QTL控制,并且S313的主效基因定位在第10染色体短臂约0.47 M的范围内。在该范围内有3个玉米南方锈病抗性候选基因。     

70份小麦品种(系)抗条锈病基因推导及检测

为了给小麦品种的合理布局和小麦条锈病防控提供参考信息,选用我国当前流行的条锈菌混合小种对70份小麦品种(系)进行成株期抗条锈性鉴定,利用基因推导的方法对供试品种(系)所含的基因进行分析,结合系谱信息,并采用分子标记进行已知抗病基因验证。结果表明,对条锈菌混合小种(CYR34、CYR33、CYR32、CYR31、CYR30、CYR29、CYR17和Su-1)表现免疫和近免疫的品种(系)有24份,占供试品种(系)的34.29%;表现高抗和中抗的品种(系)有17份,占24.29%。说明供试小麦品种(系)对当前流行条锈菌混合小种具有良好的成株期抗性,可用于品种布局。基因推导分析结果表明,供试小麦品种(系)中18份携带抗条锈病基因 Yr21,20份含 Yr3,11份含 Yr1,8份含 Yr5,3份含YrSD, 3份含 Yr32,6份含 Yr10,1份(烟836)含有YrSu,1份(金禾9123)含有 Yr26。分子标记检测结果表明,供试小麦品种(系)携带的抗性基因分别为 Yr5(11份)、 Yr9(2份)、 Yr10(9份)、 Yr15(1份)和 Yr26(4份)。由于遗传背景和遗传距离等因素,分子标记检测和基因推导结果不完全一致。     

甘蔗抗褐锈病基因定位亲本间多态性SSR标记筛选

为获得更多用于构建甘蔗遗传连锁图谱可用的多态性SSR标记,本研究以6个高抗甘蔗褐锈病品种和6个高感甘蔗褐锈病品种为亲本,根据感病母本×抗病父本选配12个杂交组合,筛选在亲本间条带清晰、多态性明显、重复性较好的引物。结果表明,组合柳城03-1137×德蔗93-88、Mex105×粤糖00-236亲本间的多态性引物数最多,分别占总数的52.38%和47.62%;其中,10对引物(18-mSSCIR34、22-mSSCIR38、25-mSSCIR48、32-mSSCIR67、51-mSSCIR50、57-MSSCIR21、71-SMC1490CL*、73-SMC278CS*、75-SMC31CUQ*、77-SMC336BS*)在组合柳城03-1137×德蔗93-88中多态性最好,7对引物(22-mSSCIR38、25-mSSCIR48、45-mSSESTC04、51-mSSCIR50、67-mSSCIR9*、76-SMC334BS*、80-SMC486CG*)在Mex105×粤糖00-236中多态性最好,利用筛选得到的引物,更有利于构建分子遗传图谱。本研究结果为抗褐锈病新基因定位和开发与其紧密连锁的分子标记研究提供了一定的理论依据。     

Use of a spectrum model and satellite cloud data in the simulation of wheat stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis) dispersal across the Tasman Sea in 1980

Long distance dispersal of plant pathogens has been simulated using different approaches. Models to predict dispersal of airborne spores often use simplified methods to estimate solar radiation in order to estimate mortality of spores. We incorporated a spectrum model into a Lagrangian approach to simulate dispersal of wheat stripe rust from Australia to New Zealand across the Tasman Sea. To estimate cloud cover conditions, satellite data were also used in our study. The combination of a spectrum model and satellite cloud data made it easy to identify sites at which viable spores were deposited. In our study, 0.6% of deposition near New Zealand followed exposure to UV radiation less than our mortality threshold (0.9 MJ m⁻²). Model spores of wheat stripe rust arrived at sites within 40 km from Otama, New Zealand, where wheat stripe rust was first reported in November 1980. It appeared that the uredospores were transported under an overcast cloud condition, which would increase the chance of successful infection on host crops. Further studies on the relationship between solar UV radiation and mortality of pathogen uredospores would facilitate the use of the spectrum model and satellite data to predict dispersal of airborne spores.     

Using iron metal rods to infer oxygen status in seasonally saturated soils

The oxygen status in soils is fundamental to a number of earth-science processes including biological, physical and chemical interactions. Since oxygen is time consuming and often difficult to measure in soils, this research explores the use of zero-valent iron rods as a means of estimating oxygen content in soils. Zero-valent iron rods (polished nails) were placed in three soil toposequences and the surface coatings formed by oxidation were compared to measured oxygen concentrations taken every three weeks for one year. When water was present in the soils, the oxygen was measured as dissolved oxygen and in drained conditions it was reported as percent. Coatings on iron metal rods inserted in the soil appear to correlate well with specific oxygen ranges. Rods in soils with O₂ concentrations below about 2 mg l^− 1 do not develop bright (7.5YR 4/4 to 5/8) oxide/oxyhydroxide coatings, but instead formed black (10YR 2/1–2) coatings. Rods in soils with O₂ concentrations between about 2% to 5% develop variegated bright (7.5YR 4/4 to 5/8) oxide/oxyhydroxide coatings indicating soil drainage and microsite differences in O₂ concentrations. Rods in soils with O₂ concentrations above about 5% with adequate moisture are almost completely coated with bright (7.5YR 4/4 to 5/8) iron oxide/oxyhydroxides. Mineralogy of oxide/oxyhydroxide coatings could not be established by XRD presumably due to the short-range order crystal structure of the metal oxide/oxyhydroxides. This method provides a simple and inexpensive means to qualitatively estimate the ranges of O₂ status in soils. This research may have implications in hydric soil determination, horticultural and agricultural applications, as well as, remediation techniques.     

12个主产区历史小麦品种抗叶锈病基因分析

近年来,小麦叶锈病发生有加重趋势,培育抗病品种是减轻小麦叶锈病危害的环保有效途径。用12个小麦品种及35个含已知抗叶锈病基因的载体品系在苗期接种19个不同毒性的叶锈菌生理小种,通过基因推导和系谱分析发掘待测品种中的抗叶锈病基因,并通过分子标记检测进一步验证;在田间接种强毒性混合生理小种,进行成株期病情严重度与普遍率调查,筛选慢锈性品种。结果表明,在石新828、百农3217、济南2号、泰山1号、石特14、晋麦2148、烟农15、小偃6号、温麦6号共9个品种中检测到Lr1、Lr26、Lr34、Lr37和Lr46共5个抗叶锈病基因,其中部分品种中发现多个抗性基因。成株期筛选出百农3217、平阳27、济南2号、泰山1号、石特14、晋麦2148、碧蚂4号、烟农15、小偃6号、温麦6号共10个慢叶锈性品种,其中碧蚂4号和小偃6号等品种是我国小麦育种的骨干亲本,探究这些品种中的抗病基因对培育小麦抗叶锈病品种具有重要意义。     

Seedling and adult plant resistance to leaf rust in 46 Chinese bread wheat landraces and 39 wheat lines with known Lr genes

Wheat leaf rust,caused by Puccinia triticina(Pt),is an important foliar disease that has an important influence on wheat yield.The most economic,safe and effective way to control the disease is growing resistant cultivars.In the present study,a total of 46 wheat landraces and 34 wheat lines with known Lr(leaf rust resistance)genes were inoculated with 16Pt pathotypes for postulating seedling resistance gene(s)in the greenhouse.These cultivars and five wheat differential lines with adult plant resistance(APR)genes(Lr12,Lr22b,Lr34,Lr35 and Lr37)were also evaluated for identification of slow rusting resistance in the field trials in Baoding,Hebei Province of China in the 2014–2015 and 2015–2016 cropping seasons.Furthermore,10 functional molecular markers closely linked to 10 known Lr genes were used to detect all the wheat genotypes.Results showed that most of the landraces were susceptible to most of the Pt pathotypes at seedling stage.Nonetheless,Lr1 was detected only in Hongtangliangmai.The field experimental test of the two environments showed that 38 landraces showed slow rusting resistance.Seven cultivars possessed Lr34 but none of the landraces contained Lr37 and Lr46.Lr genes namely,Lr9,Lr19,Lr24,Lr28,Lr29,Lr47,Lr51 and Lr53 were effective at the whole plant stage.Lr18,Lr36 and Lr45 had lost resistance to part of pathotypes at the seedling stage but showed high resistance at the adult plant stage.Lr34 as a slowing rusting gene showed good resistance in the field.Four race-specific APR genes Lr12,Lr13,Lr35 and Lr37 conferred good resistance in the field experiments.Seven race-specific genes,Lr2b,Lr2c,Lr11,Lr16,Lr26,Lr33 and LrB had lost resistance.The 38 landraces showed slow rusting resistance to wheat leaf rust can be used as resistance resources for wheat resistance breeding in China.     

寄生橡胶树叶上的头孢藻

由头孢藻引起的藻斑病在世界各国热带和亚热带地区的很多植物物种上均有报道。弄清寄生橡胶树叶上寄生藻的种类、为害症状以及不同橡胶树品系和环境对寄生藻发生为害的影响，为橡胶树藻斑病防治提供参考依据。通过田间调查、观察其为害特性症状；采集藻斑病标本，切片显微观察寄生藻在宿主组织内和表面的寄生习性；提取寄生藻的DNA，分析比对其核糖体小亚基基因序列。结合寄生藻的形态和核糖体小亚基(18S rRNA)基因序列分析结果，将本研究发现的橡胶树藻类叶斑病原物鉴定为茂盛头孢藻，这是首次在我国大陆橡胶树上发现由该寄生藻引起的橡胶树叶斑病。结果表明，种植于不同坡向、相同品系的橡胶树受害程度不一样，种植在阴坡的病害级别要高于阳坡的；同一株橡胶树上层树冠叶受害最轻，下层树冠叶受害最重；相比较而言橡胶树品系云研272较为抗病。