2010-2011年度四省小麦区试品种遗传多样性和抗条锈性分析

为探讨2010-2011年度四川、甘肃、河北、河南四省参加区试的小麦品种的遗传多样性和抗条锈性,采用亲缘系数(coefficient of parentage,COP)对92个供试小麦品种进行遗传多样性分析,利用各品种组合间的COP值进行聚类分析;对供试小麦品种接种条锈混合菌系CYR33、CYR32、CYR31、CYR30、CYR29、CYR17、Su-1和V26进行抗条锈性鉴定.结果表明,供试的92个品种的4 186对组合中,约14.76％的品种间存在遗传相似性,所有供试品种的COP值在0.0000～0.7500之间,亲缘系数总和为95.793 9,平均值仅为0.022 9,通过对COP值的聚类分析,将供试材料分为8大类,聚为一类的大多数品种抗病性相似,说明其骨干亲本的抗病性被很好地遗传了;甘肃、四川品种对小麦条锈病的抗性较强,河南、河北品种相对较弱.表明甘肃、四川品种的遗传多样性相对较高,河南品种的遗传多样性相对较低.     

生物间遗传学在防治河北省小麦叶锈病研究中的应用

作者应用生物间遗传学的观点和方法,对河北省的小麦品种与叶锈菌的相互作用进行了分析。供试的叶锈菌是来自河北省的177个标样,供试的28个小麦品种包括河北省的主要生产品种、区试品种(系)抗源和新鉴别寄主。用毒力频率法分析品种与叶锈菌群体的关系,有6个品种即鉴61、保麦2号、翼植88-5163、石86-2848、唐86-4043和百农3217表现较抗病。根据这6个品种对叶锈菌群体的反应、列出33种不同的毒性公式,在此基础上,根据若干品种对叶锈菌群体同时表现抵抗或感染计算抗性组合,为品种合理布局选择最佳组合,在小种鉴定方面,用新鉴别寄主对177个菌株的反应鉴定出频率在3.4%以上的小种8个,其中以V1,9-16和V1,9-12,14-16的频率较高,分别为13.6%和10.7%,也是近两年来北方冬麦区常出现的小种类型。在小种鉴定的基础上,根据28个品种与6个优势小种互作所出现的浸染型来推导品种和叶锈菌的基因型,共推导出7个抗性基因分散在不同的品种中。     

花蓟马与向日葵籽粒锈斑发生的关系

向日葵是我国重要的油料经济作物,籽粒锈斑近几年在向日葵籽粒上发生,严重影响向日葵籽粒的品质,然而关于向日葵籽粒锈斑的成因目前并不清楚。本文在内蒙古向日葵主产区,选择向日葵籽粒锈斑发生严重的区域,通过大田套袋技术并结合室内接虫试验,对向日葵籽粒锈斑的成因进行初步探索。结果表明,2020年五原县、乌拉特前旗及2021年五原县向日葵经套袋处理后,花蓟马Frankliniella intonsa Trybom的数量分别比对照降低了13.23、1.33头和191.53头,向日葵籽粒锈斑的发病率比对照(未套袋)相应降低了28.19%、12.07%和60.02%,与对照有极显著差异(P<0.01),花蓟马数量与向日葵籽粒锈斑的发病率呈现出显著的正相关关系。同时,室内在向日葵花盘上接种花蓟马后向日葵籽粒锈斑的发病率为22.67%,而未接虫的向日葵籽粒锈斑没有发病。另外,统计显示向日葵花盘外侧花蓟马数量显著大于中间和内层,向日葵籽粒锈斑发病率也呈现相同的规律。由此推测,向日葵籽粒锈斑的发生主要与花蓟马的活动有关,花蓟马可能是造成向日葵籽粒锈斑的主要成因。     

襄阳地区小麦条锈菌越冬潜伏菌源量与病情的关系研究

 在小麦条锈病菌(Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici,PST)越冬区的湖北襄阳、宜城和枣阳3个地区同一时间定点(GPS定位)采样,应用双重real-time PCR定量测定方法进行潜育侵染测定,并于春季在相应取样点进行病情调查。取样区域按照镇/区划分成不同的区域。每个区域的分子病情指数(MDI)和病情指数(DI)由该区域内所有样品和调查点数据取平均值得到。由MDI转换成风险指数(RI),并做RI与春季病情指数的相关性分析。同时,也通过坐标数据进行了空间分析。结果显示,PST潜伏侵染量与春季病情呈显著相关,并且两者均与其分布区域距汉江水系的距离相关。     

陕西省小麦条锈菌群体遗传结构分析

 利用TP-M13-SSR自动荧光检测技术,对陕西省小麦条锈菌群体遗传结构进行了分析。研究结果显示,在物种水平上,陕西省小麦条锈菌群体Nei’s基因多样性指数（H）为0.18、Shannon 信息指数（I）为0.29,表明该省条锈菌群体遗传多样性较为丰富。同时,条锈菌群体遗传多样性在地区之间也存在明显的差异,在7个条锈菌群体中,宁强种群遗传多样性相对较高（H为0.18,I为0.28）。AMOVA分析显示,陕西省小麦条锈菌在地区间、种群间和群体内的遗传分化分别为：12.26%、10.88%和76.86%,表明陕西省小麦条锈菌群体存在一定的遗传分化,但遗传变异主要发生在群体内部。     

小麦抗源武汉2号和品冬34的抗条锈性遗传分析

为明确小麦品种武汉2号和品冬34对小麦条锈菌流行小种的抗病性及抗病遗传规律,用小麦条锈菌生理小种CYR29、CYR31、CYR32、CYR33以及致病类型Su11-4、Su11-5、Su11-11、PST-Ch42在苗期接种小麦品种武汉2号和品冬34进行抗病性鉴定,并用武汉2号和品冬34分别与感病亲本铭贤169进行杂交,对F₂群体和F_2：3家系在温室进行苗期遗传分析。结果表明：武汉2号对CYR29和CYR32表现感病,对其它小种和致病型均表现抗病,且对CYR31的抗性由1对隐性基因控制;品冬34对所测试的小种和致病类型均表现高抗,且对CYR32的抗性由1对显性基因控制。     

Mapping of Aegilops umbellulata‐derived leaf rust and stripe rust resistance loci in wheat

Aegilops umbellulata, a non‐progenitor diploid species, is an excellent source of resistance to various wheat diseases. Leaf rust and stripe rust resistance genes from A. umbellulata were transferred to the susceptible wheat cultivar WL711 through induced homoeologous pairing. A doubly resistant introgression line IL 393‐4 was crossed with wheat cultivar PBW343 to develop a mapping population. Tests on BC₂F₇ RILs indicated monogenic inheritance of seedling leaf rust and stripe rust resistance in IL 393‐4 and the respective co‐segregating genes were tentatively named LrUmb and YrUmb. Bulked segregant analysis placed LrUmb and YrUmb in chromosome 5DS, 7.6 cM distal to gwm190. Aegilops geniculata‐derived and completely linked leaf rust and stripe rust resistance genes Lr57 and Yr40 were previously located in chromosome 5DS. STS marker Lr57/Yr40MAS‐CAPS16 (Lr57/Yr40‐CAPS16), linked with Lr57/Yr40 (T756) also co‐segregated with LrUmb/YrUmb. Seedling infection types differentiated LrUmb from Lr57. Absence of leaf rust‐susceptible segregants among F₃ families of the intercross (IL 393‐4/T756) indicated repulsion linkage between LrUmb and Lr57. YrUmb expressed a consistently low seedling response under greenhouse conditions, whereas Yr40 expressed a higher seedling response. Based on the origin of LrUmb/YrUmb from the U genome and Lr57/Yr40 from the M genome, as well as phenotypic differences, LrUmb and YrUmb were formally named Lr76 and Yr70, respectively. These genes have been transferred to Indian wheat cultivars PBW343 and PBW550, and advanced breeding lines are being tested in state and national trials.     

A long‐term study of burning effects on a plant pathogen in tallgrass prairie

Tallgrass prairie species have evolved with regular exposure to fire. However, burning has been used as a management tool for reducing plant disease in agricultural systems, posing the question of how plant pathogens of tallgrass prairie would be affected by burning. The rust fungus Puccinia dioicae, infecting Erigeron strigosus (Asteraceae), was studied for 8 years in long‐term experiments to evaluate the effects of burning in native tallgrass prairie. This experiment also allowed evaluation of the effects of nutrient additions, although E. strigosus was rare in the plots with added nutrients in most years. Burning reduced rust severity in most years, but effects from additions of nutrients were rarely observed. There was high interannual variation in rust severity within a location, suggesting that weather may be the most important of these three abiotic factors in determining infection. An analysis of weather variables associated with disease severity found that solar radiation in the month prior to sampling was associated with severity in unburned plots; temperature approximately 2 months prior to sampling was also associated with severity in burned plots. High interannual variation also suggests that the effects of this pathogen on its host would be sporadic and difficult to study in short‐term experiments.     

Evidence that Austropuccinia psidii may complete its sexual life cycle on Myrtaceae

The rust fungus Austropuccinia psidii has spread globally and naturalized in areas with naïve species of Myrtaceae. Previous studies have revealed multiple strains of A. psidii within South America and two strains outside of its native range. The rust spreads by windborne mitotic urediniospores, which are the dominant spore stage. Teliospores and basidiospores of A. psidii are also formed; however, the biological role of these stages in the life cycle is unknown. Experiments presented here tested whether basidiospores of A. psidii could infect Syzygium jambos. The sori produced by infection with basidiospores were screened with five microsatellite markers to confirm whether they were a product of recombination. The findings showed that basidiospores of A. psidii could cause infection on species of Myrtaceae and the resulting sori were a product of recombination. This has important implications for programmes that breed for resistance to this aggressive pathogen in commercial eucalypt forestry.     

基于2002-2012年气象数据的中国小麦条锈病菌越夏区划

为了解气候变暖对我国小麦条锈病菌越夏的影响,本研究基于2002—2012年间691个气象站点7、8月份连续最热10 d均温低于越夏临界温度22℃或23℃的年概率,比较了ArcGIS中反距离权重法、局部多项式插值法、径向基函数法和普通克里格法4种插值方法对我国小麦条锈病菌越夏区划的影响,采用指数模型和球状模型下普通克里格插值法进行了条锈病菌越夏区划;以2002—2012年间7、8月份连续最热10 d的平均温度均值作为区划指标,利用ArcGIS的指数模型和球状模型下普通克里格法进行了高程插值。结果表明,2002—2012年每年的7、8月份连续最热10 d均温低于越夏临界温度的年概率在20%以上的地区可以认为是我国小麦条锈病菌的越夏区,年概率在5%~20%的区域可以视为越夏过渡区,年概率在5%以下的地区可以视为不太适合小麦条锈病菌越夏的区域。表明小麦条锈病菌越夏区仍主要集中于我国西北、川西北地区,但越夏范围有一定缩减。