兰州引黄灌区玉米田杂草群落及生态位研究

对兰州引黄灌区玉米田杂草进行了研究,初步了解了其杂草种类和杂草种群的消长动态。主要杂草有打碗花、田旋花、藜、刺儿菜、荠菜、稗草、马齿苋、反枝苋、狗尾草。主要杂草的干重为藜、反枝苋、稗草分别列第1、第2和第3位。生态位的研究结果表明,藜的时间、水平、垂直生态位宽度值最高,分别为0.952 6,0.971 8,0.937 9,其危害最大;其次为反枝苋和稗草。藜、反枝苋和稗草为优势种群,与玉米存在时间、水平、垂直空间的竞争激烈,并且这3种杂草的生态位重叠值也最大,因此在使用一种除草剂时,可能会导致另两种杂草的发生与蔓延。马齿苋尽管数量最多,但其在垂直方位的生态位宽度值最小,对玉米影响小,处于劣势。除草处理各经济性状指标值均较不除草对照高,其折合产量为10 111.11 kg/hm2,较不除草处理增产36.19%。     

改进田间杂草识别图像预处理方法的研究

机器视觉系统采集到的田间杂草图像在分割之前,需要对图像进行预处理来改善图像的视觉效果。为了提高图像的预处理效果,针对杂草图像的特点,在多级加权中值滤波算法的基础上,增加3个不同大小尺寸的二维滤波掩膜,使得在去除噪声的同时尽可能保留了更多的细节特征,从而改善了田间杂草图像的滤波效果。     

基于改进YOLOv5算法的农田杂草检测

随着智慧农业技术和大田种植技术的不断发展,自动除草具有广阔的市场前景。关于除草剂自动喷洒的有效性,农田杂草的精准、快速地识别和定位是关键技术之一。基于此提出一种改进的YOLOv5算法实现农田杂草检测,该方法通过改进数据增强方式,提高模型泛化性;通过添加注意力机制,增强主干网络的特征提取能力;通过改进框回归损失函数,提升预测框的准确率。试验表明,在芝麻作物和多种杂草的复杂环境下,本文方法的检测平均精度均值mAP为90.6%,杂草的检测平均精度AP为90.2%,比YOLOv5s模型分别提高4.7%和2%。在本文试验环境下,单张图像检测时间为2.8 ms,可实现实时检测。该研究内容可以为农田智能除草设备提供参考。     

A novel approach to estimating the competitive ability of Cirsium arvense in cereals using unmanned aerial vehicle imagery

Eight experiments were carried out in Denmark to determine the yield loss of spring barley due to Cirsium arvense in farmers' fields and to suggest and evaluate a novel approach for quantifying C. arvense infestation in large plots. Literature about the competitive ability of C. arvense is old, scattered and inconclusive, and existing models for estimating crop yield loss are based on data from North America. This study showed that C. arvense coverage could be quantified from unmanned aerial vehicle imagery using a manual image analysis procedure. This gave similar results as scoring the coverage. Yield loss of spring barley due to C. arvense infestation assessed at harvest was given by Y = 100·(1−exp(−0.00170·X)) where Y is the percentage of crop yield loss and X is the percentage of C. arvense coverage. The yield loss was much lower than estimates from models that have been developed in North America. It is speculated that the main reason for this is the later emergence of C. arvense than the crop due to lower soil temperatures in spring. Grain moisture increased linearly with C. arvense coverage: M = 0.0310·X where M is the proportional (%) increase in grain moisture and X is the proportion (%) of C. arvense coverage. Automated image analysis procedures are needed to estimate C. arvense coverage on field scales, and further experiments are needed to reveal whether the low competitive ability of C. arvense found in this study is representative for Northern Europe.     

Effects of selective cutting and timing of herbicide application on growth and development of Cirsium arvense in spring barley

Recently, a new implement for controlling weeds in cereals (CombCut) has been developed. It cuts weeds in growing cereals without damaging them by using the physical differences (in height, stem thickness, straw stiffness and branching pattern) between crops and weeds. To evaluate and compare the effects of selective cutting with different timings of herbicide application on Cirsium arvense in spring barley, a randomised block experiment was conducted in Sweden in 2015–2017, in a field with a naturally occurring C. arvense population. Treatments consisted of control (C), herbicide application at 4–5‐leaf stage of C. arvense (H1), herbicide application at 8–10‐leaf stage (H2) and selective cutting at 10‐leaf stage (S). The treatments were performed in 2015 and repeated in 2016 in the same plots, and a final evaluation was performed in 2017. Compared to the control, S, H1 and H2 were equally efficient in reducing above‐ground biomass production of C. arvense and increasing spring barley grain yield per unit area. The number of C. arvense shoots per area was, however, higher in S compared to H1 and H2. No differences in control effects on shoot number were observed between H1 and H2. Our study indicates that (i) selective cutting (S) reduces C. arvense equally efficient as herbicide application and (ii) early herbicide spraying is as efficient as spraying later in the season.     

15%麦极WP对日本看麦娘等麦田恶性禾本科杂草的防治效果

采用盆栽方法,研究了15%麦极WP对日本看麦娘、野燕麦、雀麦和节节麦4种麦田恶性禾本科杂草的防治效果.结果表明:麦极300～450g/hm2处理能有效控制2～6叶期的日本看麦娘和野燕麦,但对节节麦和雀麦防效不大.经济用量为300g/hm2,对野燕麦和日本看麦娘的防治效果可分别达到100%和93.2%以上.     

坪安2号对早熟禾草坪中禾本科杂草防除效果的研究

[目的]解决早熟禾草坪中禾本科杂草的防除难题。[方法]采用坪安2号、坪安3号加草坪抑制荆对早熟禾草坪中的禾本科杂草进行防除试验。[结果]坪安2号300倍液对早熟禾草坪中的禾本科杂草防除效果较好。[结论]坪安2号可有效防除早熟禾草坪中禾本科杂草,且对草坪安全,环境污染小。     

湿润直播稻田杂草出苗动态与发生规律

 1996～1997年在浙江嘉兴调查了湿润直播稻田杂草出苗动态和发生规律,并比较了直播与移栽,早稻、单季晚稻与连作晚稻直播,翻耕与免耕直播间杂草发生差异。湿润直播稻田杂草以稗草、千金子、异型莎草、节节菜、陌上菜为主,其次有通泉草、丁香蓼、水芹。禾本科、莎草科和阔叶杂草种类数分别占25.0%、18.8%和56.2%,出苗数量分别占11.2%、11.6%和77.2%。单季晚稻直播田稗草、千金子发生重于其他直播田,直播田稗草和千金子数量明显高于移栽田。直播田杂草于播种后3～4 d陆续出苗,1～3周达到高峰。连作晚稻直播田播后6～8周出现明显的第二个出苗高峰。以阔叶杂草为绝对优势的翻耕直播田杂草发生重于免耕田。直播田杂草数量自然消长呈现与出苗动态相同的趋势。直播田杂草发生以稗草、千金子、丁香蓼较早,节节菜、陌上菜、通泉草次之,异型莎草和水芹较迟。稗草、千金子及其他几种主要杂草出苗高峰均呈单峰状态,而节节菜、陌上菜在连作晚稻直播田的出苗则为双峰。     

中国境内外来杂草的特点危害及其综合治理对策

中国有外来杂草23科、76属、108种。我国外来杂草的特点表现为来源广泛，以一年生种类为主，近年来入侵的种类较多。外来杂草入侵的原因主要与生境相似度、外来杂草的生态位宽度、繁殖能力以及遗传多样性的改变有关。外来杂草入侵已经对我国各种各样的生态系统和社会经济发展造成明显损害。针对我国外来杂草的危害现状，本文提出了有效治理外来杂草的策略。     

烟田重要杂草不同生活阶段的发育起点与有效积温研究

研究了烟田重要杂草稗草，两栖蓼，马唐，雀舌草和莎草的萌发生长与出草的起点温度和有效积温，结果表明，从吸胀到露白，萌发与出草阶段稗草，两栖蓼，马唐，雀舌草，莎草的起点温度与有效积温分别为6．05，3．50.1.49,3.65,3.93度与42.34,53.13,125.96,47.69,78.29日度,7.73,8.23,6.78,7.86,7,86,7.86度与46.01,46.96,56．97,39．72,39．07日度，7．49，6．52，6．70，6．83，6．96度与50．18，57．31，77．92，60．20，51．91日度。